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INDEX NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
docker.io docker.io/mysql MySQL is a widely used<span class="token punctuation">,</span> open<span class="token punctuation">-</span>source relati<span class="token punctuation">...</span> 5757 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OK<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
docker.io docker.io/mariadb MariaDB is a community<span class="token punctuation">-</span>developed fork of M<span class="token punctuation">...</span> 1863 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OK<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
docker.io docker.io/mysql/mysql<span class="token punctuation">-</span>server Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Crea<span class="token punctuation">...</span> 397 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OK<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">...</span>
</code></pre></div><h2 id="选择下载官方镜像"><a href="#选择下载官方镜像" class="header-anchor">#</a> 选择下载官方镜像</h2> <p>比如，我想下载最新版本，则执行如下命令：</p> <div class="language-docker extra-class"><pre class="language-docker"><code>docker pull mysql
</code></pre></div><h2 id="使用镜像"><a href="#使用镜像" class="header-anchor">#</a> 使用镜像</h2> <div class="language-docker extra-class"><pre class="language-docker"><code>docker run <span class="token punctuation">-</span>p 3306<span class="token punctuation">:</span>3306 <span class="token punctuation">-</span><span class="token punctuation">-</span>name mysql <span class="token punctuation">-</span>v /opt/docker_v/mysql/conf<span class="token punctuation">:</span>/etc/mysql/conf.d <span class="token punctuation">-</span>e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 <span class="token punctuation">-</span>d mysql
</code></pre></div><h2 id="资源"><a href="#资源" class="header-anchor">#</a> 资源</h2> <ul><li>https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql/</li></ul></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/docker/service/docker-install-mysql.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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INDEX NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
docker.io docker.io/nginx Official build of Nginx. 8272 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OK<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
docker.io docker.io/jwilder/nginx<span class="token punctuation">-</span>proxy Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker c<span class="token punctuation">...</span> 1300 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OK<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
docker.io docker.io/richarvey/nginx<span class="token punctuation">-</span>php<span class="token punctuation">-</span>fpm Container running Nginx + PHP<span class="token punctuation">-</span>FPM capable <span class="token punctuation">...</span> 540 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OK<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
docker.io docker.io/jrcs/letsencrypt<span class="token punctuation">-</span>nginx<span class="token punctuation">-</span>proxy<span class="token punctuation">-</span>companion LetsEncrypt container to use with nginx as<span class="token punctuation">...</span> 336 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>OK<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">...</span>
</code></pre></div><h2 id="选择下载镜像"><a href="#选择下载镜像" class="header-anchor">#</a> 选择下载镜像</h2> <p>执行 <code>docker pull nginx</code> 命令下载镜像</p> <h2 id="运行镜像"><a href="#运行镜像" class="header-anchor">#</a> 运行镜像</h2> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>docker run -p 80:80 --name mynginx -d nginx
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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>free</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/free.html#补充说明" class="sidebar-link">补充说明</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/free.html#语法" class="sidebar-link">语法</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/free.html#选项" class="sidebar-link">选项</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/free.html#实例" class="sidebar-link">实例</a></li></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="free"><a href="#free" class="header-anchor">#</a> free</h1> <p>显示内存的使用情况</p> <h2 id="补充说明"><a href="#补充说明" class="header-anchor">#</a> 补充说明</h2> <p><strong>free 命令</strong> 可以显示当前系统未使用的和已使用的内存数目，还可以显示被内核使用的内存缓冲区。</p> <h3 id="语法"><a href="#语法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 语法</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>free<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="选项"><a href="#选项" class="header-anchor">#</a> 选项</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>-b <span class="token comment"># 以Byte为单位显示内存使用情况；</span>
-k <span class="token comment"># 以KB为单位显示内存使用情况；</span>
-m <span class="token comment"># 以MB为单位显示内存使用情况；</span>
-g <span class="token comment"># 以GB为单位显示内存使用情况。</span>
-o <span class="token comment"># 不显示缓冲区调节列；</span>
-s<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>间隔秒数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 持续观察内存使用状况；</span>
-t <span class="token comment"># 显示内存总和列；</span>
-V <span class="token comment"># 显示版本信息。</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="实例"><a href="#实例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">free</span> -t <span class="token comment"># 以总和的形式显示内存的使用信息</span>
<span class="token function">free</span> -s <span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token comment"># 周期性的查询内存使用信息，每10s 执行一次命令</span>
</code></pre></div><p>显示内存使用情况</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">free</span> -m
total used <span class="token function">free</span> shared buffers cached
Mem: <span class="token number">2016</span> <span class="token number">1973</span> <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">163</span> <span class="token number">1497</span>
-/+ buffers/cache: <span class="token number">312</span> <span class="token number">1703</span>
Swap: <span class="token number">4094</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">4094</span>
</code></pre></div><p><strong>第一部分 Mem 行解释：</strong></p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>total：内存总数；
used：已经使用的内存数；
free：空闲的内存数；
shared：当前已经废弃不用；
buffers Buffer：缓存内存数；
cached Page：缓存内存数。
</code></pre></div><p>关系：total = used + free</p> <p><strong>第二部分(-/+ buffers/cache)解释:</strong></p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token punctuation">(</span>-buffers/cache<span class="token punctuation">)</span> used内存数：第一部分Mem行中的 used – buffers – cached
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>+buffers/cache<span class="token punctuation">)</span> free内存数: 第一部分Mem行中的 <span class="token function">free</span> + buffers + cached
</code></pre></div><p>可见-buffers/cache 反映的是被程序实实在在吃掉的内存，而+buffers/cache 反映的是可以挪用的内存总数。</p> <p>第三部分是指交换分区。</p> <p>输出结果的第四行是交换分区 SWAP 的，也就是我们通常所说的虚拟内存。
区别：第二行(mem)的 used/free 与第三行(-/+ buffers/cache) used/free 的区别。 这两个的区别在于使用的角度来看，第一行是从 OS 的角度来看，因为对于 OS，buffers/cached 都是属于被使用，所以他的可用内存是 2098428KB,已用内存是 30841684KB,其中包括，内核（OS）使用+Application(X, oracle,etc)使用的+buffers+cached.</p> <p>第三行所指的是从应用程序角度来看，对于应用程序来说，buffers/cached 是等于可用的，因为 buffer/cached 是为了提高文件读取的性能，当应用程序需在用到内存的时候，buffer/cached 会很快地被回收。</p> <p>所以从应用程序的角度来说，可用内存=系统 free memory+buffers+cached。
如本机情况的可用内存为：</p> <p>18007156=2098428KB+4545340KB+11363424KB</p> <p>接下来解释什么时候内存会被交换，以及按什么方交换。</p> <p>当可用内存少于额定值的时候，就会开会进行交换。如何看额定值：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">cat</span> /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: <span class="token number">16140816</span> kB
MemFree: <span class="token number">816004</span> kB
MemAvailable: <span class="token number">2913824</span> kB
Buffers: <span class="token number">17912</span> kB
Cached: <span class="token number">2239076</span> kB
SwapCached: <span class="token number">0</span> kB
Active: <span class="token number">12774804</span> kB
Inactive: <span class="token number">1594328</span> kB
Active<span class="token punctuation">(</span>anon<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: <span class="token number">12085544</span> kB
Inactive<span class="token punctuation">(</span>anon<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: <span class="token number">94572</span> kB
Active<span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: <span class="token number">689260</span> kB
Inactive<span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: <span class="token number">1499756</span> kB
Unevictable: <span class="token number">116888</span> kB
Mlocked: <span class="token number">116888</span> kB
SwapTotal: <span class="token number">8191996</span> kB
SwapFree: <span class="token number">8191996</span> kB
Dirty: <span class="token number">56</span> kB
Writeback: <span class="token number">0</span> kB
AnonPages: <span class="token number">12229228</span> kB
Mapped: <span class="token number">117136</span> kB
Shmem: <span class="token number">58736</span> kB
Slab: <span class="token number">395568</span> kB
SReclaimable: <span class="token number">246700</span> kB
SUnreclaim: <span class="token number">148868</span> kB
KernelStack: <span class="token number">30496</span> kB
PageTables: <span class="token number">165104</span> kB
NFS_Unstable: <span class="token number">0</span> kB
Bounce: <span class="token number">0</span> kB
WritebackTmp: <span class="token number">0</span> kB
CommitLimit: <span class="token number">16262404</span> kB
Committed_AS: <span class="token number">27698600</span> kB
VmallocTotal: <span class="token number">34359738367</span> kB
VmallocUsed: <span class="token number">311072</span> kB
VmallocChunk: <span class="token number">34350899200</span> kB
HardwareCorrupted: <span class="token number">0</span> kB
AnonHugePages: <span class="token number">3104768</span> kB
HugePages_Total: <span class="token number">0</span>
HugePages_Free: <span class="token number">0</span>
HugePages_Rsvd: <span class="token number">0</span>
HugePages_Surp: <span class="token number">0</span>
Hugepagesize: <span class="token number">2048</span> kB
DirectMap4k: <span class="token number">225536</span> kB
DirectMap2M: <span class="token number">13279232</span> kB
DirectMap1G: <span class="token number">5242880</span> kB
</code></pre></div><p>交换将通过三个途径来减少系统中使用的物理页面的个数：</p> <ol><li>减少缓冲与页面 cache 的大小，</li> <li>将系统 V 类型的内存页面交换出去，</li> <li>换出或者丢弃页面。(Application 占用的内存页，也就是物理内存不足）。</li></ol> <p>事实上，少量地使用 swap 是不是影响到系统性能的。</p> <p>那 buffers 和 cached 都是缓存，两者有什么区别呢？</p> <p>为了提高磁盘存取效率, Linux 做了一些精心的设计, 除了对 dentry 进行缓存(用于 VFS,加速文件路径名到 inode 的转换), 还采取了两种主要 Cache 方式：</p> <p>Buffer Cache 和 Page Cache。前者针对磁盘块的读写，后者针对文件 inode 的读写。这些 Cache 有效缩短了 I/O 系统调用(比如 read,write,getdents)的时间。
磁盘的操作有逻辑级（文件系统）和物理级（磁盘块），这两种 Cache 就是分别缓存逻辑和物理级数据的。</p> <p>Page cache 实际上是针对文件系统的，是文件的缓存，在文件层面上的数据会缓存到 page cache。文件的逻辑层需要映射到实际的物理磁盘，这种映射关系由文件系统来完成。当 page cache 的数据需要刷新时，page cache 中的数据交给 buffer cache，因为 Buffer Cache 就是缓存磁盘块的。但是这种处理在 2.6 版本的内核之后就变的很简单了，没有真正意义上的 cache 操作。</p> <p>Buffer cache 是针对磁盘块的缓存，也就是在没有文件系统的情况下，直接对磁盘进行操作的数据会缓存到 buffer cache 中，例如，文件系统的元数据都会缓存到 buffer cache 中。</p> <p>简单说来，page cache 用来缓存文件数据，buffer cache 用来缓存磁盘数据。在有文件系统的情况下，对文件操作，那么数据会缓存到 page cache，如果直接采用 dd 等工具对磁盘进行读写，那么数据会缓存到 buffer cache。</p> <p>所以我们看 linux,只要不用 swap 的交换空间,就不用担心自己的内存太少.如果常常 swap 用很多,可能你就要考虑加物理内存了.这也是 linux 看内存是否够用的标准.</p> <p>如果是应用服务器的话，一般只看第二行，+buffers/cache,即对应用程序来说 free 的内存太少了，也是该考虑优化程序或加内存了。</p></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/cli/free.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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-A <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>显示行数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> --after-context<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>显示行数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 除了显示符合范本样式的那一行之外，并显示该行之后的内容。</span>
-b --byte-offset <span class="token comment"># 在显示符合范本样式的那一行之外，并显示该行之前的内容。</span>
-B<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>显示行数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> --before-context<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>显示行数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 除了显示符合样式的那一行之外，并显示该行之前的内容。</span>
-c --count <span class="token comment"># 计算符合范本样式的列数。</span>
-C<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>显示行数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> --context<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>显示行数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>或-<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>显示行数<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 除了显示符合范本样式的那一列之外，并显示该列之前后的内容。</span>
-d<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>进行动作<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> --directories<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>动作<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 当指定要查找的是目录而非文件时，必须使用这项参数，否则grep命令将回报信息并停止动作。</span>
-e<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>范本样式<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> --regexp<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>范本样式<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 指定字符串作为查找文件内容的范本样式。</span>
-E --extended-regexp <span class="token comment"># 将范本样式为延伸的普通表示法来使用，意味着使用能使用扩展正则表达式。</span>
-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>范本文件<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> --file<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>规则文件<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 指定范本文件，其内容有一个或多个范本样式，让grep查找符合范本条件的文件内容，格式为每一列的范本样式。</span>
-F --fixed-regexp <span class="token comment"># 将范本样式视为固定字符串的列表。</span>
-G --basic-regexp <span class="token comment"># 将范本样式视为普通的表示法来使用。</span>
-h --no-filename <span class="token comment"># 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前，不标示该列所属的文件名称。</span>
-H --with-filename <span class="token comment"># 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前，标示该列的文件名称。</span>
-i --ignore-case <span class="token comment"># 忽略字符大小写的差别。</span>
-l --file-with-matches <span class="token comment"># 列出文件内容符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。</span>
-L --files-without-match <span class="token comment"># 列出文件内容不符合指定的范本样式的文件名称。</span>
-n --line-number <span class="token comment"># 在显示符合范本样式的那一列之前，标示出该列的编号。</span>
-P --perl-regexp <span class="token comment"># PATTERN 是一个 Perl 正则表达式</span>
-q --quiet或--silent <span class="token comment"># 不显示任何信息。</span>
-R/-r --recursive <span class="token comment"># 此参数的效果和指定“-d recurse”参数相同。</span>
-s --no-messages <span class="token comment"># 不显示错误信息。</span>
-v --revert-match <span class="token comment"># 反转查找。</span>
-V --version <span class="token comment"># 显示版本信息。</span>
-w --word-regexp <span class="token comment"># 只显示全字符合的列。</span>
-x --line-regexp <span class="token comment"># 只显示全列符合的列。</span>
-y <span class="token comment"># 此参数效果跟“-i”相同。</span>
-o <span class="token comment"># 只输出文件中匹配到的部分。</span>
-m <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>num<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> --max-count<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>num<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 找到num行结果后停止查找，用来限制匹配行数</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="规则表达式"><a href="#规则表达式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 规则表达式</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>^ <span class="token comment"># 锚定行的开始 如：'^grep'匹配所有以grep开头的行。</span>
$ <span class="token comment"># 锚定行的结束 如：'grep$' 匹配所有以grep结尾的行。</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配一个非换行符的字符 如：'gr.p'匹配gr后接一个任意字符，然后是p。</span>
* <span class="token comment"># 匹配零个或多个先前字符 如：'*grep'匹配所有一个或多个空格后紧跟grep的行。</span>
.* <span class="token comment"># 一起用代表任意字符。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配一个指定范围内的字符，如'[Gg]rep'匹配Grep和grep。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>^<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token comment"># 匹配一个不在指定范围内的字符，如：'[^A-FH-Z]rep'匹配不包含A-R和T-Z的一个字母开头，紧跟rep的行。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span><span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 标记匹配字符，如'\(love\)'，love被标记为1。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 锚定单词的开始，如:'\&lt;grep'匹配包含以grep开头的单词的行。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 锚定单词的结束，如'grep\&gt;'匹配包含以grep结尾的单词的行。</span>
x<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>m<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment"># 重复字符x，m次，如：'0\{5\}'匹配包含5个o的行。</span>
x<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>m,<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment"># 重复字符x,至少m次，如：'o\{5,\}'匹配至少有5个o的行。</span>
x<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>m,n<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token comment"># 重复字符x，至少m次，不多于n次，如：'o\{5,10\}'匹配5--10个o的行。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">\</span>w <span class="token comment"># 匹配文字和数字字符，也就是[A-Za-z0-9]，如：'G\w*p'匹配以G后跟零个或多个文字或数字字符，然后是p。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">\</span>W <span class="token comment"># \w的反置形式，匹配一个或多个非单词字符，如点号句号等。</span>
<span class="token punctuation">\</span>b <span class="token comment"># 单词锁定符，如: '\bgrep\b'只匹配grep。</span>
</code></pre></div><h2 id="grep-命令常见用法"><a href="#grep-命令常见用法" class="header-anchor">#</a> grep 命令常见用法</h2> <p>在文件中搜索一个单词，命令会返回一个包含 <strong>“match_pattern”</strong> 的文本行：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> match_pattern file_name
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;match_pattern&quot;</span> file_name
</code></pre></div><p>在多个文件中查找：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;match_pattern&quot;</span> file_1 file_2 file_3 <span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre></div><p>输出除之外的所有行 <strong>-v</strong> 选项：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> -v <span class="token string">&quot;match_pattern&quot;</span> file_name
</code></pre></div><p>标记匹配颜色 <strong>--color=auto</strong> 选项：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;match_pattern&quot;</span> file_name --color<span class="token operator">=</span>auto
</code></pre></div><p>使用正则表达式 <strong>-E</strong> 选项：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> -E <span class="token string">&quot;[1-9]+&quot;</span>
<span class="token comment"># 或</span>
<span class="token function">egrep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;[1-9]+&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div><p>使用正则表达式 <strong>-P</strong> 选项：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> -P <span class="token string">&quot;(\d{3}\-){2}\d{4}&quot;</span> file_name
</code></pre></div><p>只输出文件中匹配到的部分 <strong>-o</strong> 选项：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> this is a <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> line. <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -o -E <span class="token string">&quot;[a-z]+\.&quot;</span>
line.
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> this is a <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> line. <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">egrep</span> -o <span class="token string">&quot;[a-z]+\.&quot;</span>
line.
</code></pre></div><p>统计文件或者文本中包含匹配字符串的行数 <strong>-c</strong> 选项：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> -c <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> file_name
</code></pre></div><p>输出包含匹配字符串的行数 <strong>-n</strong> 选项：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> -n file_name
<span class="token comment"># 或</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> file_name <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> -n
<span class="token comment">#多个文件</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> -n file_1 file_2
</code></pre></div><p>打印样式匹配所位于的字符或字节偏移：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> gun is not unix <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -b -o <span class="token string">&quot;not&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">7</span>:not
<span class="token comment">#一行中字符串的字符便宜是从该行的第一个字符开始计算，起始值为0。选项 **-b -o** 一般总是配合使用。</span>
</code></pre></div><p>搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> -l <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> file1 file2 file3<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre></div><h3 id="grep-递归搜索文件"><a href="#grep-递归搜索文件" class="header-anchor">#</a> grep 递归搜索文件</h3> <p>在多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -r -n
<span class="token comment"># .表示当前目录。</span>
</code></pre></div><p>忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -i <span class="token string">&quot;HELLO&quot;</span>
<span class="token comment"># hello</span>
</code></pre></div><p>选项 <strong>-e</strong> 制动多个匹配样式：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> this is a text line <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -e <span class="token string">&quot;is&quot;</span> -e <span class="token string">&quot;line&quot;</span> -o
is
line
<span class="token comment">#也可以使用 **-f** 选项来匹配多个样式，在样式文件中逐行写出需要匹配的字符。</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> patfile
aaa
bbb
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> aaa bbb ccc ddd eee <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -f patfile -o
</code></pre></div><p>在 grep 搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token comment"># 只在目录中所有的.php和.html文件中递归搜索字符&quot;main()&quot;</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;main()&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -r --include *.<span class="token punctuation">{</span>php,html<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除所有README文件</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;main()&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -r --exclude <span class="token string">&quot;README&quot;</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除filelist文件列表里的文件</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;main()&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -r --exclude-from filelist
</code></pre></div><p>使用 0 值字节后缀的 grep 与 xargs：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token comment"># 测试文件：</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;aaa&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> file1
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;bbb&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> file2
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;aaa&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> file3
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;aaa&quot;</span> file* -lZ <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">xargs</span> -0 <span class="token function">rm</span>
<span class="token comment"># 执行后会删除file1和file3，grep输出用-Z选项来指定以0值字节作为终结符文件名（\0），xargs -0 读取输入并用0值字节终结符分隔文件名，然后删除匹配文件，-Z通常和-l结合使用。</span>
</code></pre></div><p>grep 静默输出：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> -q <span class="token string">&quot;test&quot;</span> filename
<span class="token comment"># 不会输出任何信息，如果命令运行成功返回0，失败则返回非0值。一般用于条件测试。</span>
</code></pre></div><p>打印出匹配文本之前或者之后的行：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token comment"># 显示匹配某个结果之后的3行，使用 -A 选项：</span>
<span class="token function">seq</span> <span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;5&quot;</span> -A <span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">5</span>
<span class="token number">6</span>
<span class="token number">7</span>
<span class="token number">8</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示匹配某个结果之前的3行，使用 -B 选项：</span>
<span class="token function">seq</span> <span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;5&quot;</span> -B <span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>
<span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">4</span>
<span class="token number">5</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示匹配某个结果的前三行和后三行，使用 -C 选项：</span>
<span class="token function">seq</span> <span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;5&quot;</span> -C <span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>
<span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token number">4</span>
<span class="token number">5</span>
<span class="token number">6</span>
<span class="token number">7</span>
<span class="token number">8</span>
<span class="token comment"># 如果匹配结果有多个，会用“--”作为各匹配结果之间的分隔符：</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> -e <span class="token string">&quot;a<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>b<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>c<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>a<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>b<span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span>c&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> a -A <span class="token number">1</span>
a
b
--
a
b
</code></pre></div></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/cli/grep.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>iostat</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iostat.html#补充说明" class="sidebar-link">补充说明</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iostat.html#语法" class="sidebar-link">语法</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iostat.html#选项" class="sidebar-link">选项</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iostat.html#参数" class="sidebar-link">参数</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iostat.html#实例" class="sidebar-link">实例</a></li></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="iostat"><a href="#iostat" class="header-anchor">#</a> iostat</h1> <p>监视系统输入输出设备和 CPU 的使用情况</p> <h2 id="补充说明"><a href="#补充说明" class="header-anchor">#</a> 补充说明</h2> <p><strong>iostat 命令</strong> 被用于监视系统输入输出设备和 CPU 的使用情况。它的特点是汇报磁盘活动统计情况，同时也会汇报出 CPU 使用情况。同 vmstat 一样，iostat 也有一个弱点，就是它不能对某个进程进行深入分析，仅对系统的整体情况进行分析。</p> <h3 id="语法"><a href="#语法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 语法</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>iostat<span class="token punctuation">(</span>选项<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>参数<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="选项"><a href="#选项" class="header-anchor">#</a> 选项</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>-c：仅显示CPU使用情况；
-d：仅显示设备利用率；
-k：显示状态以千字节每秒为单位，而不使用块每秒；
-m：显示状态以兆字节每秒为单位；
-p：仅显示块设备和所有被使用的其他分区的状态；
-t：显示每个报告产生时的时间；
-V：显示版号并退出；
-x：显示扩展状态。
</code></pre></div><h3 id="参数"><a href="#参数" class="header-anchor">#</a> 参数</h3> <ul><li>间隔时间：每次报告的间隔时间（秒）；</li> <li>次数：显示报告的次数。</li></ul> <h3 id="实例"><a href="#实例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例</h3> <p>用<code>iostat -x /dev/sda1</code>来观看磁盘 I/O 的详细情况：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>iostat -x /dev/sda1
Linux <span class="token number">2.6</span>.18-164.el5xen <span class="token punctuation">(</span>localhost.localdomain<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token number">2010</span>年03月26日
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait
%steal %idle
<span class="token number">0.11</span> <span class="token number">0.02</span> <span class="token number">0.18</span> <span class="token number">0.35</span>
<span class="token number">0.03</span> <span class="token number">99.31</span>
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s
Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda1 <span class="token number">0.02</span> <span class="token number">0.08</span>
<span class="token number">0.00</span> <span class="token number">2014</span> <span class="token number">4</span>
</code></pre></div><p>详细说明：第二行是系统信息和监测时间，第三行和第四行显示 CPU 使用情况（具体内容和 mpstat 命令相同）。这里主要关注后面 I/O 输出的信息，如下所示：</p> <table><thead><tr><th>标示</th> <th>说明</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>Device</td> <td>监测设备名称</td></tr> <tr><td>rrqm/s</td> <td>每秒需要读取需求的数量</td></tr> <tr><td>wrqm/s</td> <td>每秒需要写入需求的数量</td></tr> <tr><td>r/s</td> <td>每秒实际读取需求的数量</td></tr> <tr><td>w/s</td> <td>每秒实际写入需求的数量</td></tr> <tr><td>rsec/s</td> <td>每秒读取区段的数量</td></tr> <tr><td>wsec/s</td> <td>每秒写入区段的数量</td></tr> <tr><td>rkB/s</td> <td>每秒实际读取的大小，单位为 KB</td></tr> <tr><td>wkB/s</td> <td>每秒实际写入的大小，单位为 KB</td></tr> <tr><td>avgrq-sz</td> <td>需求的平均大小区段</td></tr> <tr><td>avgqu-sz</td> <td>需求的平均队列长度</td></tr> <tr><td>await</td> <td>等待 I/O 平均的时间（milliseconds）</td></tr> <tr><td>svctm</td> <td>I/O 需求完成的平均时间</td></tr> <tr><td>%util</td> <td>被 I/O 需求消耗的 CPU 百分比</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/cli/iostat.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>iotop</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iotop.html#补充说明" class="sidebar-link">补充说明</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iotop.html#安装" class="sidebar-link">安装</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iotop.html#语法" class="sidebar-link">语法</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iotop.html#选项" class="sidebar-link">选项</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/iotop.html#实例" class="sidebar-link">实例</a></li></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="iotop"><a href="#iotop" class="header-anchor">#</a> iotop</h1> <p>用来监视磁盘 I/O 使用状况的工具</p> <h2 id="补充说明"><a href="#补充说明" class="header-anchor">#</a> 补充说明</h2> <p><strong>iotop 命令</strong> 是一个用来监视磁盘 I/O 使用状况的 top 类工具。iotop 具有与 top 相似的 UI，其中包括 PID、用户、I/O、进程等相关信息。Linux 下的 IO 统计工具如 iostat，nmon 等大多数是只能统计到 per 设备的读写情况，如果你想知道每个进程是如何使用 IO 的就比较麻烦，使用 iotop 命令可以很方便的查看。</p> <p>iotop 使用 Python 语言编写而成，要求 Python2.5（及以上版本）和 Linux kernel2.6.20（及以上版本）。iotop 提供有源代码及 rpm 包，可从其官方主页下载。</p> <h3 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="header-anchor">#</a> 安装</h3> <p><strong>Ubuntu</strong></p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> iotop
</code></pre></div><p><strong>CentOS</strong></p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>yum <span class="token function">install</span> iotop
</code></pre></div><p><strong>编译安装</strong></p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">wget</span> http://guichaz.free.fr/iotop/files/iotop-0.4.4.tar.gz
<span class="token function">tar</span> zxf iotop-0.4.4.tar.gz
python setup.py build
python setup.py <span class="token function">install</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="语法"><a href="#语法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 语法</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>iotop（选项）
</code></pre></div><h3 id="选项"><a href="#选项" class="header-anchor">#</a> 选项</h3> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>-o：只显示有io操作的进程
-b：批量显示，无交互，主要用作记录到文件。
-n NUM：显示NUM次，主要用于非交互式模式。
-d SEC：间隔SEC秒显示一次。
-p PID：监控的进程pid。
-u <span class="token environment constant">USER</span>：监控的进程用户。
</code></pre></div><p><strong>iotop 常用快捷键：</strong></p> <ol><li>左右箭头：改变排序方式，默认是按 IO 排序。</li> <li>r：改变排序顺序。</li> <li>o：只显示有 IO 输出的进程。</li> <li>p：进程/线程的显示方式的切换。</li> <li>a：显示累积使用量。</li> <li>q：退出。</li></ol> <h3 id="实例"><a href="#实例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例</h3> <p>直接执行 iotop 就可以看到效果了：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>Total DISK read: <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token operator">|</span> Total DISK write: <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s
TID PRIO <span class="token environment constant">USER</span> DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
<span class="token number">1</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % init <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">2</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>kthreadd<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">3</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>migration/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">4</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>ksoftirqd/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">5</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>watchdog/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">6</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>migration/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">7</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>ksoftirqd/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">8</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>watchdog/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">9</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>events/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">10</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>events/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">11</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>khelper<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">2572</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>bluetooth<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
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<span class="token function">tar</span> -zcvf log.tar.gz log2012.log <span class="token comment"># 打包后，以 gzip 压缩</span>
<span class="token function">tar</span> -jcvf log.tar.bz2 log2012.log <span class="token comment"># 打包后，以 bzip2 压缩</span>
<span class="token function">tar</span> -ztvf log.tar.gz <span class="token comment"># 查阅上述 tar 包内有哪些文件</span>
<span class="token function">tar</span> -zxvf log.tar.gz <span class="token comment"># 将 tar 包解压缩</span>
<span class="token function">tar</span> -zxvf log30.tar.gz log2013.log <span class="token comment"># 只将 tar 内的部分文件解压出来</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-2-gzip"><a href="#_2-2-gzip" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.2. gzip</h3> <blockquote><p>gzip 命令用来压缩文件。gzip 是个使用广泛的压缩程序，文件经它压缩过后，其名称后面会多出“.gz”扩展名。</p> <p>gzip 是在 Linux 系统中经常使用的一个对文件进行压缩和解压缩的命令，既方便又好用。gzip 不仅可以用来压缩大的、较少使用的文件以节省磁盘空间，还可以和 tar 命令一起构成 Linux 操作系统中比较流行的压缩文件格式。据统计，gzip 命令对文本文件有 60%～ 70%的压缩率。减少文件大小有两个明显的好处，一是可以减少存储空间，二是通过网络传输文件时，可以减少传输的时间。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/gzip</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">gzip</span> * <span class="token comment"># 将所有文件压缩成 .gz 文件</span>
<span class="token function">gzip</span> -l * <span class="token comment"># 详细显示压缩文件的信息，并不解压</span>
<span class="token function">gzip</span> -dv * <span class="token comment"># 解压上例中的所有压缩文件，并列出详细的信息</span>
<span class="token function">gzip</span> -r log.tar <span class="token comment"># 压缩一个 tar 备份文件，此时压缩文件的扩展名为.tar.gz</span>
<span class="token function">gzip</span> -rv test/ <span class="token comment"># 递归的压缩目录</span>
<span class="token function">gzip</span> -dr test/ <span class="token comment"># 递归地解压目录</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-3-zip"><a href="#_2-3-zip" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.3. zip</h3> <blockquote><p>zip 命令可以用来解压缩文件，或者对文件进行打包操作。zip 是个使用广泛的压缩程序，文件经它压缩后会另外产生具有“.zip”扩展名的压缩文件。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/zip</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 将 /home/Blinux/html/ 这个目录下所有文件和文件夹打包为当前目录下的 html.zip</span>
<span class="token function">zip</span> -q -r html.zip /home/Blinux/html
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-4-unzip"><a href="#_2-4-unzip" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.4. unzip</h3> <blockquote><p>unzip 命令用于解压缩由 zip 命令压缩的“.zip”压缩包。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/unzip</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">unzip</span> test.zip <span class="token comment"># 解压 zip 文件</span>
<span class="token function">unzip</span> -n test.zip -d /tmp/ <span class="token comment"># 在指定目录下解压缩</span>
<span class="token function">unzip</span> -o test.zip -d /tmp/ <span class="token comment"># 在指定目录下解压缩，如果有相同文件存在则覆盖</span>
<span class="token function">unzip</span> -v test.zip <span class="token comment"># 查看压缩文件目录，但不解压</span>
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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>Linux 文件内容查看编辑</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_1-linux-文件内容查看编辑要点" class="sidebar-link">1. Linux 文件内容查看编辑要点</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-命令常见用法" class="sidebar-link">2. 命令常见用法</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-1-cat" class="sidebar-link">2.1. cat</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-2-head" class="sidebar-link">2.2. head</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-3-tail" class="sidebar-link">2.3. tail</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-4-more" class="sidebar-link">2.4. more</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-5-less" class="sidebar-link">2.5. less</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-6-sed" class="sidebar-link">2.6. sed</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-7-vi" class="sidebar-link">2.7. vi</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_2-8-grep" class="sidebar-link">2.8. grep</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.html#_3-参考资料" class="sidebar-link">3. 参考资料</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="linux-文件内容查看编辑"><a href="#linux-文件内容查看编辑" class="header-anchor">#</a> Linux 文件内容查看编辑</h1> <blockquote><p>关键词：<code>cat</code>, <code>head</code>, <code>tail</code>, <code>more</code>, <code>less</code>, <code>sed</code>, <code>vi</code>, <code>grep</code></p></blockquote> <h2 id="_1-linux-文件内容查看编辑要点"><a href="#_1-linux-文件内容查看编辑要点" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1. Linux 文件内容查看编辑要点</h2> <ul><li>连接文件并打印到标准输出设备 - 使用 <a href="#cat">cat</a></li> <li>显示指定文件的开头若干行 - 使用 <a href="#head">head</a></li> <li>显示指定文件的末尾若干行，常用于实时打印日志文件内容 - 使用 <a href="#tail">tail</a></li> <li>显示文件内容，每次显示一屏 - 使用 <a href="#more">more</a></li> <li>显示文件内容，每次显示一屏 - 使用 <a href="#less">less</a></li> <li>自动编辑一个或多个文件；简化对文件的反复操作；编写转换程序等 - 使用 <a href="#sed">sed</a></li> <li>文本编辑器 - 使用 <a href="#vi">vi</a></li> <li>使用正则表达式搜索文本，并把匹配的行打印出来 - 使用 <a href="#grep">grep</a></li></ul> <h2 id="_2-命令常见用法"><a href="#_2-命令常见用法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2. 命令常见用法</h2> <h3 id="_2-1-cat"><a href="#_2-1-cat" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.1. cat</h3> <blockquote><p>cat 命令用于连接文件并打印到标准输出设备上。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/cat</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">cat</span> m1 <span class="token comment"># 在屏幕上显示文件 ml 的内容</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> m1 m2 <span class="token comment"># 同时显示文件 ml 和 m2 的内容</span>
<span class="token function">cat</span> m1 m2 <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token comment"># 将文件 ml 和 m2 合并后放入文件 file 中</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-2-head"><a href="#_2-2-head" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.2. head</h3> <blockquote><p>head 命令用于显示文件的开头内容。在默认情况下，head 命令显示文件的头部 10 行内容。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/head</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_2-3-tail"><a href="#_2-3-tail" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.3. tail</h3> <blockquote><p>tail 命令用于显示文件的尾部内容。在默认情况下，tail 命令显示文件的尾部 10 行内容。如果给定的文件不止一个，则在显示的每个文件前面加一个文件名标题。如果没有指定文件或者文件名为“-”，则读取标准输入。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/tail</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">tail</span> <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示文件file的最后10行</span>
<span class="token function">tail</span> -n +20 <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示文件file的内容，从第20行至文件末尾</span>
<span class="token function">tail</span> -c <span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token comment"># 显示文件file的最后10个字符</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-4-more"><a href="#_2-4-more" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.4. more</h3> <blockquote><p>more 命令是一个基于 vi 编辑器文本过滤器，它以全屏幕的方式按页显示文本文件的内容，支持 vi 中的关键字定位操作。more 名单中内置了若干快捷键，常用的有 H（获得帮助信息），Enter（向下翻滚一行），空格（向下滚动一屏），Q（退出命令）。</p> <p>该命令一次显示一屏文本，满屏后停下来，并且在屏幕的底部出现一个提示信息，给出至今己显示的该文件的百分比：--More--（XX%）可以用下列不同的方法对提示做出回答：</p> <ul><li>按 Space 键：显示文本的下一屏内容。</li> <li>按 Enier 键：只显示文本的下一行内容。</li> <li>按斜线符|：接着输入一个模式，可以在文本中寻找下一个相匹配的模式。</li> <li>按 H 键：显示帮助屏，该屏上有相关的帮助信息。</li> <li>按 B 键：显示上一屏内容。</li> <li>按 Q 键：退出 rnore 命令。</li></ul> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/more</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 显示文件 file 的内容，但在显示之前先清屏，并且在屏幕的最下方显示完核的百分比。</span>
<span class="token function">more</span> -dc <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示文件 file 的内容，每 10 行显示一次，而且在显示之前先清屏。</span>
<span class="token function">more</span> -c -10 <span class="token function">file</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-5-less"><a href="#_2-5-less" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.5. less</h3> <p>less 命令的作用与 more 十分相似，都可以用来浏览文字档案的内容，不同的是 less 命令允许用户向前或向后浏览文件，而 more 命令只能向前浏览。用 less 命令显示文件时，用 PageUp 键向上翻页，用 PageDown 键向下翻页。要退出 less 程序，应按 Q 键。</p> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">less</span> /var/log/shadowsocks.log
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-6-sed"><a href="#_2-6-sed" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.6. sed</h3> <blockquote><p>sed 是一种流编辑器，它是文本处理工具，能够完美的配合正则表达式使用，功能不同凡响。处理时，把当前处理的行存储在临时缓冲区中，称为“模式空间”（pattern space），接着用 sed 命令处理缓冲区中的内容，处理完成后，把缓冲区的内容送往屏幕。接着处理下一行，这样不断重复，直到文件末尾。文件内容并没有改变，除非你使用重定向存储输出。Sed 主要用来自动编辑一个或多个文件；简化对文件的反复操作；编写转换程序等。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/sed</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 替换文本中的字符串</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/book/books/'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># -n 选项 和 p 命令 一起使用表示只打印那些发生替换的行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> -n <span class="token string">'s/test/TEST/p'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 直接编辑文件选项 -i ，会匹配 file 文件中每一行的第一个 book 替换为 books</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> -i <span class="token string">'s/book/books/g'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 使用后缀 /g 标记会替换每一行中的所有匹配</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/book/books/g'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 删除空白行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^$/d'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 删除文件的第2行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'2d'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 删除文件的第2行到末尾所有行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'2,<span class="token variable">$d</span>'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 删除文件最后一行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'<span class="token variable">$d</span>'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 删除文件中所有开头是test的行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^test/'</span>d <span class="token function">file</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-7-vi"><a href="#_2-7-vi" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.7. vi</h3> <blockquote><p>vi 命令是 UNIX 操作系统和类 UNIX 操作系统中最通用的全屏幕纯文本编辑器。Linux 中的 vi 编辑器叫 vim，它是 vi 的增强版（vi Improved），与 vi 编辑器完全兼容，而且实现了很多增强功能。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/vi</p> <p>引申阅读：<a href="https://github.com/dunwu/OS/blob/master/docs/vim.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vim 入门指南<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p></blockquote> <h3 id="_2-8-grep"><a href="#_2-8-grep" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.8. grep</h3> <blockquote><p>grep（global search regular expression(RE) and print out the line，全面搜索正则表达式并把行打印出来）是一种强大的文本搜索工具，它能使用正则表达式搜索文本，并把匹配的行打印出来。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/grep</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 在多级目录中对文本递归搜索(程序员搜代码的最爱）:</span>
$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;class&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -R -n
<span class="token comment"># 忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写</span>
$ <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> -i <span class="token string">&quot;HELLO&quot;</span>
<span class="token comment"># 匹配多个模式:</span>
$ <span class="token function">grep</span> -e <span class="token string">&quot;class&quot;</span> -e <span class="token string">&quot;vitural&quot;</span> <span class="token function">file</span>
<span class="token comment"># 只在目录中所有的.php和.html文件中递归搜索字符&quot;main()&quot;</span>
$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;main()&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -r --include *.<span class="token punctuation">{</span>php,html<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除所有README文件</span>
$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;main()&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -r --exclude <span class="token string">&quot;README&quot;</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除filelist文件列表里的文件</span>
$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;main()&quot;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> -r --exclude-from filelist
</code></pre></div><h2 id="_3-参考资料"><a href="#_3-参考资料" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3. 参考资料</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://man.linuxde.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Linux 命令大全<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li></ul></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/cli/linux-cli-file.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>Linux 硬件管理</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-hardware.html#_1-linux-硬件管理要点" class="sidebar-link">1. Linux 硬件管理要点</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-hardware.html#_2-命令常见用法" class="sidebar-link">2. 命令常见用法</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-hardware.html#_2-1-df" class="sidebar-link">2.1. df</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-hardware.html#_2-2-du" class="sidebar-link">2.2. du</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-hardware.html#_2-3-top" class="sidebar-link">2.3. top</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-hardware.html#_2-4-free" class="sidebar-link">2.4. free</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-hardware.html#_2-5-iotop" class="sidebar-link">2.5. iotop</a></li></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="linux-硬件管理"><a href="#linux-硬件管理" class="header-anchor">#</a> Linux 硬件管理</h1> <blockquote><p>关键词：<code>df</code>, <code>du</code>, <code>top</code>, <code>free</code>, <code>iotop</code></p></blockquote> <h2 id="_1-linux-硬件管理要点"><a href="#_1-linux-硬件管理要点" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1. Linux 硬件管理要点</h2> <ul><li>查看磁盘空间 - 使用 <a href="#df">df</a></li> <li>查看文件或目录的磁盘空间 - 使用 <a href="#du">du</a></li> <li>实时查看系统整体运行状态（如：CPU、内存） - 使用 <a href="#top">top</a></li> <li>查看已使用和未使用的内存 - 使用 <a href="#free">free</a></li> <li>查看磁盘 I/O 使用状况 - 使用 <a href="#iotop">iotop</a></li></ul> <h2 id="_2-命令常见用法"><a href="#_2-命令常见用法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2. 命令常见用法</h2> <h3 id="_2-1-df"><a href="#_2-1-df" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.1. df</h3> <blockquote><p>df 命令用于显示磁盘分区上的可使用的磁盘空间。默认显示单位为 KB。可以利用该命令来获取硬盘被占用了多少空间，目前还剩下多少空间等信息。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/df</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 查看系统磁盘设备，默认是 KB 为单位</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df</span>
文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 <span class="token number">146294492</span> <span class="token number">28244432</span> <span class="token number">110498708</span> <span class="token number">21</span>% /
/dev/sda1 <span class="token number">1019208</span> <span class="token number">62360</span> <span class="token number">904240</span> <span class="token number">7</span>% /boot
tmpfs <span class="token number">1032204</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">1032204</span> <span class="token number">0</span>% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 <span class="token number">2884284108</span> <span class="token number">218826068</span> <span class="token number">2518944764</span> <span class="token number">8</span>% /data1
<span class="token comment"># 使用 -h 选项以 KB 以上的单位来显示，可读性高</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df -h</span>
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 140G 27G 106G <span class="token number">21</span>% /
/dev/sda1 996M 61M 884M <span class="token number">7</span>% /boot
tmpfs 1009M <span class="token number">0</span> 1009M <span class="token number">0</span>% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 <span class="token number">2</span>.7T 209G <span class="token number">2</span>.4T <span class="token number">8</span>% /data1
<span class="token comment"># 查看全部文件系统</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@LinServ-1 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># df -a</span>
文件系统 1K-块 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 <span class="token number">146294492</span> <span class="token number">28244432</span> <span class="token number">110498708</span> <span class="token number">21</span>% /
proc <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /proc
sysfs <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /sys
devpts <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /dev/pts
/dev/sda1 <span class="token number">1019208</span> <span class="token number">62360</span> <span class="token number">904240</span> <span class="token number">7</span>% /boot
tmpfs <span class="token number">1032204</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">1032204</span> <span class="token number">0</span>% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 <span class="token number">2884284108</span> <span class="token number">218826068</span> <span class="token number">2518944764</span> <span class="token number">8</span>% /data1
none <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">0</span> - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-2-du"><a href="#_2-2-du" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.2. du</h3> <blockquote><p>du 命令也是查看使用空间的，但是与 df 命令不同的是：du 命令是对文件和目录磁盘使用的空间的查看，还是和 df 命令有一些区别的。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/du</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 显示目录或者文件所占空间</span>
root@localhost <span class="token punctuation">[</span>test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># du</span>
<span class="token number">608</span> ./test6
<span class="token number">308</span> ./test4
<span class="token number">4</span> ./scf/lib
<span class="token number">4</span> ./scf/service/deploy/product
<span class="token number">4</span> ./scf/service/deploy/info
<span class="token number">12</span> ./scf/service/deploy
<span class="token number">16</span> ./scf/service
<span class="token number">4</span> ./scf/doc
<span class="token number">4</span> ./scf/bin
<span class="token number">32</span> ./scf
<span class="token number">8</span> ./test3
<span class="token number">1288</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示指定文件所占空间</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># du log2012.log</span>
<span class="token number">300</span> log2012.log
<span class="token comment"># 查看指定目录的所占空间</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># du scf</span>
<span class="token number">4</span> scf/lib
<span class="token number">4</span> scf/service/deploy/product
<span class="token number">4</span> scf/service/deploy/info
<span class="token number">12</span> scf/service/deploy
<span class="token number">16</span> scf/service
<span class="token number">4</span> scf/doc
<span class="token number">4</span> scf/bin
<span class="token number">32</span> scf
<span class="token comment"># 显示多个文件所占空间</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># du log30.tar.gz log31.tar.gz</span>
<span class="token number">4</span> log30.tar.gz
<span class="token number">4</span> log31.tar.gz
<span class="token comment"># 只显示总和的大小</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># du -s</span>
<span class="token number">1288</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># du -s scf</span>
<span class="token number">32</span> scf
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-3-top"><a href="#_2-3-top" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.3. top</h3> <blockquote><p>top 命令可以实时动态地查看系统的整体运行情况，是一个综合了多方信息监测系统性能和运行信息的实用工具。通过 top 命令所提供的互动式界面，用热键可以管理。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/top</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_2-4-free"><a href="#_2-4-free" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.4. free</h3> <blockquote><p>free 命令可以显示当前系统未使用的和已使用的内存数目，还可以显示被内核使用的内存缓冲区。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/free</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">free</span> -t <span class="token comment"># 以总和的形式显示内存的使用信息</span>
<span class="token function">free</span> -s <span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token comment"># 周期性的查询内存使用信息，每10s 执行一次命令</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示内存使用情况</span>
<span class="token function">free</span> -m
total used <span class="token function">free</span> shared buffers cached
Mem: <span class="token number">2016</span> <span class="token number">1973</span> <span class="token number">42</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">163</span> <span class="token number">1497</span>
-/+ buffers/cache: <span class="token number">312</span> <span class="token number">1703</span>
Swap: <span class="token number">4094</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">4094</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-5-iotop"><a href="#_2-5-iotop" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.5. iotop</h3> <blockquote><p>iotop 命令是一个用来监视磁盘 I/O 使用状况的 top 类工具。iotop 具有与 top 相似的 UI，其中包括 PID、用户、I/O、进程等相关信息。Linux 下的 IO 统计工具如 iostat，nmon 等大多数是只能统计到 per 设备的读写情况，如果你想知道每个进程是如何使用 IO 的就比较麻烦，使用 iotop 命令可以很方便的查看。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/iotop</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code>Total DISK read: <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token operator">|</span> Total DISK write: <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s
TID PRIO <span class="token environment constant">USER</span> DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
<span class="token number">1</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % init <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">2</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>kthreadd<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">3</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>migration/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">4</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>ksoftirqd/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">5</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>watchdog/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">6</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>migration/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">7</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>ksoftirqd/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">8</span> rt/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>watchdog/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">9</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>events/0<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">10</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>events/1<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">11</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>khelper<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token number">2572</span> be/4 root <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> B/s <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token number">0.00</span> % <span class="token punctuation">[</span>bluetooth<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
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</code></pre></div><p>（2）安装.src.rpm 软件包</p> <p>这类软件包是包含了源代码的 rpm 包，在安装时需要进行编译</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rpm</span> -i xxx.src.rpm
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> /usr/src/redhat/SPECS
rpmbuild -bp xxx.specs <span class="token comment">#一个和你的软件包同名的specs文件</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> /usr/src/redhat/BUILD/xxx/ <span class="token comment">#一个和你的软件包同名的目录</span>
./configure <span class="token comment">#这一步和编译普通的源码软件一样，可以加上参数</span>
<span class="token function">make</span>
<span class="token function">make</span> <span class="token function">install</span>
</code></pre></div><p>（3）卸载 rpm 软件包</p> <p>使用命令 <code>rpm -e 包名</code>，包名可以包含版本号等信息，但是不可以有后缀.rpm，比如卸载软件包 proftpd-1.2.8-1，可以使用下列格式：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd-1.2.8-1
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd-1.2.8
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd-
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd
</code></pre></div><p>不可以是下列格式：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd-1.2.8-1.i386.rpm
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd-1.2.8-1.i386
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd-1.2
<span class="token function">rpm</span> -e proftpd-1
</code></pre></div><p>有时会出现一些错误或者警告：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>... is needed by ...
</code></pre></div><p>这说明这个软件被其他软件需要，不能随便卸载，可以用 rpm -e --nodeps 强制卸载</p> <p>（4）查看与 rpm 包相关的文件和其他信息</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">rpm</span> -qa <span class="token comment"># 列出所有安装过的包</span>
</code></pre></div><h2 id="_2-yum"><a href="#_2-yum" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2. yum</h2> <blockquote><p>yum 命令是在 Fedora 和 RedHat 以及 SUSE 中基于 rpm 的软件包管理器，它可以使系统管理人员交互和自动化地更细与管理 RPM 软件包，能够从指定的服务器自动下载 RPM 包并且安装，可以自动处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软体包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/yum</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <p>部分常用的命令包括：</p> <ul><li>自动搜索最快镜像插件：<code>yum install yum-fastestmirror</code></li> <li>安装 yum 图形窗口插件：<code>yum install yumex</code></li> <li>查看可能批量安装的列表：<code>yum grouplist</code></li></ul> <p><strong>安装</strong></p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>yum install #全部安装
yum install package1 #安装指定的安装包package1
yum groupinsall group1 #安装程序组group1
</code></pre></div><p><strong>更新和升级</strong></p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>yum update #全部更新
yum update package1 #更新指定程序包package1
yum check-update #检查可更新的程序
yum upgrade package1 #升级指定程序包package1
yum groupupdate group1 #升级程序组group1
</code></pre></div><p><strong>查找和显示</strong></p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>yum info package1 #显示安装包信息package1
yum list #显示所有已经安装和可以安装的程序包
yum list package1 #显示指定程序包安装情况package1
yum groupinfo group1 #显示程序组group1信息yum search string 根据关键字string查找安装包
yum search &lt;keyword&gt; #查找软件包
</code></pre></div><p><strong>删除程序</strong></p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>yum remove &lt;package_name&gt; #删除程序包package_name
yum groupremove group1 #删除程序组group1
yum deplist package1 #查看程序package1依赖情况
</code></pre></div><p><strong>清除缓存</strong></p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>yum clean packages #清除缓存目录下的软件包
yum clean headers #清除缓存目录下的 headers
yum clean oldheaders #清除缓存目录下旧的 headers
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-1-yum-源"><a href="#_2-1-yum-源" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.1. yum 源</h3> <p>yum 的默认源是国外的，下载速度比较慢，所以最好替换为一个国内的 yum 源。</p> <table><thead><tr><th>推荐 yum 国内源</th> <th>源地址</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td><a href="http://mirrors.163.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://mirrors.163.com/<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></td> <td>Centos6：http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-6.repo<br>Centos7：http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="http://mirrors.aliyun.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://mirrors.aliyun.com/<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></td> <td>Centos6：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo<br>Centos7：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo</td></tr></tbody></table> <blockquote><p>🔔 注意：Cento5 已废弃，只能使用 http://vault.centos.org/ 替换，但由于是国外镜像，速度较慢。</p></blockquote> <p>替换方法，以 aliyun CentOS7 为例：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>cp /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.bak
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
yum clean all
yum makecache
</code></pre></div><h2 id="_3-apt-get"><a href="#_3-apt-get" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3. apt-get</h2> <blockquote><p>apt-get 命令是 Debian Linux 发行版中的 APT 软件包管理工具。所有基于 Debian 的发行都使用这个包管理系统。deb 包可以把一个应用的文件包在一起，大体就如同 Windows 上的安装文件。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/apt-get</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <p>使用 apt-get 命令的第一步就是引入必需的软件库，Debian 的软件库也就是所有 Debian 软件包的集合，它们存在互联网上的一些公共站点上。把它们的地址加入，apt-get 就能搜索到我们想要的软件。/etc/apt/sources.list 是存放这些地址列表的配置文件，其格式如下：</p> <p>deb [web 或 ftp 地址][发行版名字] [main/contrib/non-free]
我们常用的 Ubuntu 就是一个基于 Debian 的发行，我们使用 apt-get 命令获取这个列表，以下是我整理的常用命令：</p> <p>在修改 /etc/apt/sources.list 或者 /etc/apt/preferences 之后运行该命令。</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 更新 apt-get</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> update
<span class="token comment"># 安装一个软件包</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> <span class="token function">install</span> packagename
<span class="token comment"># 卸载一个已安装的软件包（保留配置文件）</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> remove packagename
<span class="token comment"># 卸载一个已安装的软件包（删除配置文件）</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> –purge remove packagename
<span class="token comment"># 如果需要空间的话，可以让这个命令来删除你已经删掉的软件</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> autoclean <span class="token function">apt</span>
<span class="token comment"># 把安装的软件的备份也删除，不过这样不会影响软件的使用的</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> clean
<span class="token comment"># 更新所有已安装的软件包</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> upgrade
<span class="token comment"># 将系统升级到新版本</span>
<span class="token function">apt-get</span> dist-upgrade
</code></pre></div><h2 id="_4-参考资料"><a href="#_4-参考资料" class="header-anchor">#</a> 4. 参考资料</h2> <ul><li>http://man.linuxde.net/rpm</li> <li>http://man.linuxde.net/yum</li> <li>http://man.linuxde.net/apt-get</li> <li>http://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-yum.html</li></ul></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/cli/linux-cli-software.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>Linux 系统管理</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_1-linux-系统管理要点" class="sidebar-link">1. Linux 系统管理要点</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-命令常见用法" class="sidebar-link">2. 命令常见用法</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-1-lsb-release" class="sidebar-link">2.1. lsb_release</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-2-reboot" class="sidebar-link">2.2. reboot</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-3-exit" class="sidebar-link">2.3. exit</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-4-shutdown" class="sidebar-link">2.4. shutdown</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-5-date" class="sidebar-link">2.5. date</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-6-mount" class="sidebar-link">2.6. mount</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-7-umount" class="sidebar-link">2.7. umount</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-8-ps" class="sidebar-link">2.8. ps</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-9-kill" class="sidebar-link">2.9. kill</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-10-systemctl" class="sidebar-link">2.10. systemctl</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-11-service" class="sidebar-link">2.11. service</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.html#_2-12-crontab" class="sidebar-link">2.12. crontab</a></li></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="linux-系统管理"><a href="#linux-系统管理" class="header-anchor">#</a> Linux 系统管理</h1> <blockquote><p>关键词：<code>lsb_release</code>, <code>reboot</code>, <code>exit</code>, <code>shutdown</code>, <code>date</code>, <code>mount</code>, <code>umount</code>, <code>ps</code>, <code>kill</code>, <code>systemctl</code>, <code>service</code>, <code>crontab</code></p></blockquote> <h2 id="_1-linux-系统管理要点"><a href="#_1-linux-系统管理要点" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1. Linux 系统管理要点</h2> <ul><li>查看 Linux 系统发行版本
<ul><li>使用 <a href="#lsb_release">lsb_release</a>（此命令适用于所有的 Linux 发行版本）</li> <li>使用 <code>cat /etc/redhat-release</code>（此方法只适合 Redhat 系的 Linux）</li></ul></li> <li>查看 CPU 信息 - 使用 <code>cat /proc/cpuinfo</code></li> <li>重新启动 Linux 操作系统 - 使用 <a href="#reboot">reboot</a></li> <li>退出 shell，并返回给定值 - 使用 <a href="#exit">exit</a></li> <li>关闭系统 - 使用 <a href="#shutdown">shutdown</a></li> <li>查看或设置系统时间与日期 - 使用 <a href="#date">date</a></li> <li>挂载文件系统 - 使用 <a href="#mount">mount</a></li> <li>取消挂载文件系统 - 使用 <a href="#umount">umount</a></li> <li>查看系统当前进程状态 - 使用 <a href="#ps">ps</a></li> <li>删除当前正在运行的进程 - 使用 <a href="#kill">kill</a></li> <li>启动、停止、重启、关闭、显示系统服务（Centos7），使用 <a href="#systemctl">systemctl</a></li> <li>启动、停止、重启、关闭、显示系统服务（Centos7 以前），使用 <a href="#service">service</a></li> <li>管理需要周期性执行的任务，使用 <a href="#crontab">crontab</a></li></ul> <h2 id="_2-命令常见用法"><a href="#_2-命令常见用法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2. 命令常见用法</h2> <h3 id="_2-1-lsb-release"><a href="#_2-1-lsb-release" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.1. lsb_release</h3> <p>lsb_release 不是 bash 默认命令，如果要使用，需要先安装。</p> <p>安装方法：</p> <ol><li>执行 <code>yum provides lsb_release</code>，查看支持 lsb_release 命令的包。</li> <li>选择合适版本，执行类似这样的安装命令：<code>yum install -y redhat-lsb-core-4.1-27.el7.centos.1.x86_64</code></li></ol> <h3 id="_2-2-reboot"><a href="#_2-2-reboot" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.2. reboot</h3> <blockquote><p>reboot 命令用来重新启动正在运行的 Linux 操作系统。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/reboot</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">reboot</span> <span class="token comment"># 重开机。</span>
<span class="token function">reboot</span> -w <span class="token comment"># 做个重开机的模拟（只有纪录并不会真的重开机）。</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-3-exit"><a href="#_2-3-exit" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.3. exit</h3> <blockquote><p>exit 命令同于退出 shell，并返回给定值。在 shell 脚本中可以终止当前脚本执行。执行 exit 可使 shell 以指定的状态值退出。若不设置状态值参数，则 shell 以预设值退出。状态值 0 代表执行成功，其他值代表执行失败。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/exit</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 退出当前 shell</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@localhost ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># exit</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">logout</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在脚本中，进入脚本所在目录，否则退出</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span><span class="token function">dirname</span> $0<span class="token variable">)</span></span> <span class="token operator">||</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">exit</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在脚本中，判断参数数量，不匹配就打印使用方式，退出</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> <span class="token string">&quot;<span class="token variable">$#</span>&quot;</span> -ne <span class="token string">&quot;2&quot;</span> <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;usage: <span class="token variable">$0</span> &lt;area&gt; &lt;hours&gt;&quot;</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">exit</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
<span class="token keyword">fi</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在脚本中，退出时删除临时文件</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">trap</span> <span class="token string">&quot;rm -f tmpfile; echo Bye.&quot;</span> EXIT
<span class="token comment"># 检查上一命令的退出码</span>
./mycommand.sh
<span class="token assign-left variable">EXCODE</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable">$?</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> <span class="token string">&quot;<span class="token variable">$EXCODE</span>&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">&quot;0&quot;</span> <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">then</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;O.K&quot;</span>
<span class="token keyword">fi</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-4-shutdown"><a href="#_2-4-shutdown" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.4. shutdown</h3> <blockquote><p>shutdown 命令用来系统关机命令。shutdown 指令可以关闭所有程序，并依用户的需要，进行重新开机或关机的动作。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/shutdown</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 指定现在立即关机</span>
<span class="token function">shutdown</span> -h now
<span class="token comment"># 指定 5 分钟后关机，同时送出警告信息给登入用户</span>
<span class="token function">shutdown</span> +5 <span class="token string">&quot;System will shutdown after 5 minutes&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-5-date"><a href="#_2-5-date" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.5. date</h3> <blockquote><p>date 命令是显示或设置系统时间与日期。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/date</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 格式化输出</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> +<span class="token string">&quot;%Y-%m-%d&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">2009</span>-12-07
<span class="token comment"># 输出昨天日期</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;1 day ago&quot;</span> +<span class="token string">&quot;%Y-%m-%d&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">2012</span>-11-19
<span class="token comment"># 2 秒后输出</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;2 second&quot;</span> +<span class="token string">&quot;%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">2012</span>-11-20 <span class="token number">14</span>:21.31
<span class="token comment"># 传说中的 1234567890 秒</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;1970-01-01 1234567890 seconds&quot;</span> +<span class="token string">&quot;%Y-%m-%d %H:%m:%S&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">2009</span>-02-13 <span class="token number">23</span>:02:30
<span class="token comment"># 普通转格式</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;2009-12-12&quot;</span> +<span class="token string">&quot;%Y/%m/%d %H:%M.%S&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">2009</span>/12/12 00:00.00
<span class="token comment"># apache 格式转换</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;Dec 5, 2009 12:00:37 AM&quot;</span> +<span class="token string">&quot;%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">2009</span>-12-05 00:00.37
<span class="token comment"># 格式转换后时间游走</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;Dec 5, 2009 12:00:37 AM 2 year ago&quot;</span> +<span class="token string">&quot;%Y-%m-%d %H:%M.%S&quot;</span>
<span class="token number">2007</span>-12-05 00:00.37
<span class="token comment"># 加减操作</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> +%Y%m%d <span class="token comment"># 显示前天年月日</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;+1 day&quot;</span> +%Y%m%d <span class="token comment"># 显示前一天的日期</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;-1 day&quot;</span> +%Y%m%d <span class="token comment"># 显示后一天的日期</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;-1 month&quot;</span> +%Y%m%d <span class="token comment"># 显示上一月的日期</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;+1 month&quot;</span> +%Y%m%d <span class="token comment"># 显示下一月的日期</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;-1 year&quot;</span> +%Y%m%d <span class="token comment"># 显示前一年的日期</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -d <span class="token string">&quot;+1 year&quot;</span> +%Y%m%d <span class="token comment"># 显示下一年的日期</span>
<span class="token comment"># 设定时间</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token comment"># 设置当前时间，只有root权限才能设置，其他只能查看</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token number">20120523</span> <span class="token comment"># 设置成20120523，这样会把具体时间设置成空00:00:00</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -s 01:01:01 <span class="token comment"># 设置具体时间，不会对日期做更改</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token string">&quot;01:01:01 2012-05-23&quot;</span> <span class="token comment"># 这样可以设置全部时间</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token string">&quot;01:01:01 20120523&quot;</span> <span class="token comment"># 这样可以设置全部时间</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token string">&quot;2012-05-23 01:01:01&quot;</span> <span class="token comment"># 这样可以设置全部时间</span>
<span class="token function">date</span> -s <span class="token string">&quot;20120523 01:01:01&quot;</span> <span class="token comment"># 这样可以设置全部时间</span>
<span class="token comment"># 有时需要检查一组命令花费的时间</span>
<span class="token comment">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">start</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +%s<span class="token variable">)</span></span>
nmap man.linuxde.net <span class="token operator">&amp;&gt;</span> /dev/null
<span class="token assign-left variable">end</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span><span class="token function">date</span> +%s<span class="token variable">)</span></span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">difference</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$((</span> end <span class="token operator">-</span> start <span class="token variable">))</span></span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$difference</span> seconds.
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-6-mount"><a href="#_2-6-mount" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.6. mount</h3> <blockquote><p>mount 命令用于挂载文件系统到指定的挂载点。此命令的最常用于挂载 cdrom，使我们可以访问 cdrom 中的数据，因为你将光盘插入 cdrom 中，Linux 并不会自动挂载，必须使用 Linux mount 命令来手动完成挂载。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/mount &gt; https://blog.csdn.net/weishujie000/article/details/76531924</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 将 /dev/hda1 挂在 /mnt 之下</span>
<span class="token function">mount</span> /dev/hda1 /mnt
<span class="token comment"># 将 /dev/hda1 用唯读模式挂在 /mnt 之下</span>
<span class="token function">mount</span> -o ro /dev/hda1 /mnt
<span class="token comment"># 将 /tmp/image.iso 这个光碟的 image 档使用 loop 模式挂在 /mnt/cdrom 之下</span>
<span class="token comment"># 用这种方法可以将一般网络上可以找到的 Linux ISO 在不烧录成光碟的情况下检视其内容</span>
<span class="token function">mount</span> -o loop /tmp/image.iso /mnt/cdrom
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-7-umount"><a href="#_2-7-umount" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.7. umount</h3> <blockquote><p>umount 命令用于卸载已经挂载的文件系统。利用设备名或挂载点都能 umount 文件系统，不过最好还是通过挂载点卸载，以免使用绑定挂载（一个设备，多个挂载点）时产生混乱。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/umount</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 通过设备名卸载</span>
<span class="token function">umount</span> -v /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1 umounted
<span class="token comment"># 通过挂载点卸载</span>
<span class="token function">umount</span> -v /mnt/mymount/
/tmp/diskboot.img umounted
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-8-ps"><a href="#_2-8-ps" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.8. ps</h3> <blockquote><p>ps 命令用于报告当前系统的进程状态。可以搭配 kill 指令随时中断、删除不必要的程序。ps 命令是最基本同时也是非常强大的进程查看命令，使用该命令可以确定有哪些进程正在运行和运行的状态、进程是否结束、进程有没有僵死、哪些进程占用了过多的资源等等，总之大部分信息都是可以通过执行该命令得到的。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/ps</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 按内存资源的使用量对进程进行排序</span>
<span class="token function">ps</span> aux <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sort</span> -rnk <span class="token number">4</span>
<span class="token comment"># 按 CPU 资源的使用量对进程进行排序</span>
<span class="token function">ps</span> aux <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sort</span> -nk <span class="token number">3</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-9-kill"><a href="#_2-9-kill" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.9. kill</h3> <blockquote><p>kill 命令用来删除执行中的程序或工作。kill 可将指定的信息送至程序。预设的信息为 SIGTERM(15),可将指定程序终止。若仍无法终止该程序，可使用 SIGKILL(9) 信息尝试强制删除程序。程序或工作的编号可利用 ps 指令或 job 指令查看。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/kill</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 列出所有信号名称</span>
<span class="token function">kill</span> -l
<span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGHUP <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGINT <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGQUIT <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGILL
<span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGTRAP <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGABRT <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGBUS <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGFPE
<span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGKILL <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGUSR1 <span class="token number">11</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGSEGV <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGUSR2
<span class="token number">13</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGPIPE <span class="token number">14</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGALRM <span class="token number">15</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGTERM <span class="token number">16</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGSTKFLT
<span class="token number">17</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGCHLD <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGCONT <span class="token number">19</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGSTOP <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGTSTP
<span class="token number">21</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGTTIN <span class="token number">22</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGTTOU <span class="token number">23</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGURG <span class="token number">24</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGXCPU
<span class="token number">25</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGXFSZ <span class="token number">26</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGVTALRM <span class="token number">27</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGPROF <span class="token number">28</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGWINCH
<span class="token number">29</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGIO <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGPWR <span class="token number">31</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGSYS <span class="token number">34</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN
<span class="token number">35</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+1 <span class="token number">36</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+2 <span class="token number">37</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+3 <span class="token number">38</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+4
<span class="token number">39</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+5 <span class="token number">40</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+6 <span class="token number">41</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+7 <span class="token number">42</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+8
<span class="token number">43</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+9 <span class="token number">44</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+10 <span class="token number">45</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+11 <span class="token number">46</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+12
<span class="token number">47</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+13 <span class="token number">48</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+14 <span class="token number">49</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMIN+15 <span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-14
<span class="token number">51</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-13 <span class="token number">52</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-12 <span class="token number">53</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-11 <span class="token number">54</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-10
<span class="token number">55</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-9 <span class="token number">56</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-8 <span class="token number">57</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-7 <span class="token number">58</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-6
<span class="token number">59</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-5 <span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-4 <span class="token number">61</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-3 <span class="token number">62</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-2
<span class="token number">63</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX-1 <span class="token number">64</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> SIGRTMAX
<span class="token comment"># 先用 ps 查找进程，然后用 kill 杀掉</span>
<span class="token function">ps</span> -ef <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token function">vim</span>
root <span class="token number">3268</span> <span class="token number">2884</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">16</span>:21 pts/1 00:00:00 <span class="token function">vim</span> install.log
root <span class="token number">3370</span> <span class="token number">2822</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">16</span>:21 pts/0 00:00:00 <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token function">vim</span>
<span class="token function">kill</span> <span class="token number">3268</span>
<span class="token function">kill</span> <span class="token number">3268</span>
-bash: kill: <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3268</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> - 没有那个进程
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-10-systemctl"><a href="#_2-10-systemctl" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.10. systemctl</h3> <blockquote><p>systemctl 命令是系统服务管理器指令，它实际上将 service 和 chkconfig 这两个命令组合到一起。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/systemctl</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 1.启动 nfs 服务</span>
systemctl start nfs-server.service
<span class="token comment"># 2.设置开机自启动</span>
systemctl <span class="token builtin class-name">enable</span> nfs-server.service
<span class="token comment"># 3.停止开机自启动</span>
systemctl disable nfs-server.service
<span class="token comment"># 4.查看服务当前状态</span>
systemctl status nfs-server.service
<span class="token comment"># 5.重新启动某服务</span>
systemctl restart nfs-server.service
<span class="token comment"># 6.查看所有已启动的服务</span>
systemctl list -units --type<span class="token operator">=</span>service
<span class="token comment"># 7. 开启防火墙 22 端口</span>
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport <span class="token number">22</span> -j accept
<span class="token comment"># 8. 彻底关闭防火墙</span>
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl status firewalld.service
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl stop firewalld.service
<span class="token function">sudo</span> systemctl disable firewalld.service
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-11-service"><a href="#_2-11-service" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.11. service</h3> <blockquote><p>service 命令是 Redhat Linux 兼容的发行版中用来控制系统服务的实用工具，它以启动、停止、重新启动和关闭系统服务，还可以显示所有系统服务的当前状态。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/service</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">service</span> network status
配置设备：
lo eth0
当前的活跃设备：
lo eth0
<span class="token function">service</span> network restart
正在关闭接口 eth0： <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 确定 <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
关闭环回接口： <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 确定 <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
设置网络参数： <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 确定 <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
弹出环回接口： <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 确定 <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
弹出界面 eth0： <span class="token punctuation">[</span> 确定 <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="_2-12-crontab"><a href="#_2-12-crontab" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.12. crontab</h3> <blockquote><p>crontab 命令被用来提交和管理用户的需要周期性执行的任务，与 windows 下的计划任务类似，当安装完成操作系统后，默认会安装此服务工具，并且会自动启动 crond 进程，crond 进程每分钟会定期检查是否有要执行的任务，如果有要执行的任务，则自动执行该任务。</p> <p>参考：http://man.linuxde.net/crontab</p></blockquote> <p>示例：</p> <div class="language-bash extra-class"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token comment"># 每 1 分钟执行一次 command</span>
* * * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
<span class="token comment"># 每小时的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</span>
<span class="token number">3,15</span> * * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在上午 8 点到 11 点的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</span>
<span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
<span class="token comment"># 每隔两天的上午 8 点到 11 点的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</span>
<span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 */2 * * <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
<span class="token comment"># 每个星期一的上午 8 点到 11 点的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</span>
<span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">command</span>
<span class="token comment"># 每晚的 21:30 重启 smb</span>
<span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">21</span> * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 每月 1、10、22 日的 4 : 45 重启 smb</span>
<span class="token number">45</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1,10</span>,22 * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 每周六、周日的 1:10 重启 smb</span>
<span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token number">1</span> * * <span class="token number">6,0</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 每天 18 : 00 至 23 : 00 之间每隔 30 分钟重启 smb</span>
<span class="token number">0,30</span> <span class="token number">18</span>-23 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 每星期六的晚上 11:00 pm 重启 smb</span>
<span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">23</span> * * <span class="token number">6</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 每一小时重启 smb</span>
* */1 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 晚上 11 点到早上 7 点之间，每隔一小时重启 smb</span>
* <span class="token number">23</span>-7/1 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 每月的 4 号与每周一到周三的 11 点重启 smb</span>
<span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">11</span> <span class="token number">4</span> * mon-wed /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 一月一号的 4 点重启 smb</span>
<span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1</span> jan * /etc/init.d/smb restart
<span class="token comment"># 每小时执行`/etc/cron.hourly`目录内的脚本</span>
01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
</code></pre></div></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/cli/linux-cli-system.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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