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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>定时任务 - crontab</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#crond-服务" class="sidebar-link">crond 服务</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#检查-crond-服务" class="sidebar-link">检查 crond 服务</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#crond-服务命令" class="sidebar-link">crond 服务命令</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#crontab" class="sidebar-link">crontab</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#crontab-命令" class="sidebar-link">crontab 命令</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#crontab-文件" class="sidebar-link">crontab 文件</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#crontab-实例" class="sidebar-link">crontab 实例</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/crontab.html#参考资料" class="sidebar-link">参考资料</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="定时任务-crontab"><a href="#定时任务-crontab" class="header-anchor">#</a> 定时任务 - crontab</h1> <blockquote><p>环境：CentOS</p></blockquote> <p>通过 <code>crontab</code> 命令，我们可以在固定的间隔时间执行指定的系统指令或 shell script 脚本。时间间隔的单位可以是分钟、小时、日、月、周及以上的任意组合。这个命令非常适合周期性的日志分析或数据备份等工作。</p> <h2 id="crond-服务"><a href="#crond-服务" class="header-anchor">#</a> crond 服务</h2> <p>Linux 通过 crond 服务来支持 crontab。</p> <h3 id="检查-crond-服务"><a href="#检查-crond-服务" class="header-anchor">#</a> 检查 <code>crond</code> 服务</h3> <p>使用 <code>systemctl list-unit-files</code> 命令确认 <code>crond</code> 服务是否已安装。</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>$ systemctl list-unit-files <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> crond
crond.service enabled
</code></pre></div><p>如果为 enabled，表示服务正运行。</p> <h3 id="crond-服务命令"><a href="#crond-服务命令" class="header-anchor">#</a> crond 服务命令</h3> <p>开机自动启动 crond 服务：<code>chkconfig crond on</code></p> <p>或者，按以下命令手动启动：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>systemctl <span class="token builtin class-name">enable</span> crond.service <span class="token comment"># 开启服务（开机自动启动服务）</span>
systemctl disable crond.service <span class="token comment"># 关闭服务（开机不会自动启动服务）</span>
systemctl start crond.service <span class="token comment"># 启动服务</span>
systemctl stop crond.service <span class="token comment"># 停止服务</span>
systemctl restart crond.service <span class="token comment"># 重启服务</span>
systemctl reload crond.service <span class="token comment"># 重新载入配置</span>
systemctl status crond.service <span class="token comment"># 查看服务状态</span>
</code></pre></div><h2 id="crontab"><a href="#crontab" class="header-anchor">#</a> crontab</h2> <h3 id="crontab-命令"><a href="#crontab-命令" class="header-anchor">#</a> crontab 命令</h3> <p>crontab 命令格式如下：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">crontab</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-u user<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token function">file</span> <span class="token function">crontab</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-u user<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span> -e <span class="token operator">|</span> -l <span class="token operator">|</span> -r <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre></div><p>说明：</p> <ul><li><code>-u user</code>：用来设定某个用户的 crontab 服务；</li> <li><code>file</code>：file 是命令文件的名字，表示将 file 做为 crontab 的任务列表文件并载入 crontab。如果在命令行中没有指定这个文件，crontab 命令将接受标准输入（键盘）上键入的命令，并将它们载入 crontab。</li> <li><code>-e</code>：编辑某个用户的 crontab 文件内容。如果不指定用户，则表示编辑当前用户的 crontab 文件。</li> <li><code>-l</code>：显示某个用户的 crontab 文件内容，如果不指定用户，则表示显示当前用户的 crontab 文件内容。</li> <li><code>-r</code>：从/var/spool/cron 目录中删除某个用户的 crontab 文件，如果不指定用户，则默认删除当前用户的 crontab 文件。</li> <li><code>-i</code>：在删除用户的 crontab 文件时给确认提示。</li></ul> <p>有两种方法写入定时任务：</p> <ul><li>在命令行输入：<code>crontab -e</code> 然后添加相应的任务，存盘退出。</li> <li>直接编辑 <code>/etc/crontab</code> 文件，即 <code>vi /etc/crontab</code>，添加相应的任务。</li></ul> <h3 id="crontab-文件"><a href="#crontab-文件" class="header-anchor">#</a> crontab 文件</h3> <p>crontab 要执行的定时任务都被保存在 <code>/etc/crontab</code> 文件中。</p> <p>crontab 的文件格式如下：</p> <p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dunwu/images/dev/snap/20200211113339.png" alt="img"></p> <h4 id="标准字段"><a href="#标准字段" class="header-anchor">#</a> 标准字段</h4> <p><strong>逗号</strong>用于分隔列表。例如，在第 5 个字段(星期几)中使用 <code>MON,WED,FRI</code> 表示周一、周三和周五。</p> <p><strong>连字符</strong>定义范围。例如，<code>2000-2010</code> 表示 2000 年至 2010 年期间的每年，包括 2000 年和 2010 年。</p> <p>除非用反斜杠()转义，否则命令中的**百分号(%)**会被替换成换行符，第一个百分号后面的所有数据都会作为标准输入发送给命令。</p> <table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">字段</th> <th style="text-align:left;">是否必填</th> <th style="text-align:left;">允许值</th> <th style="text-align:left;">允许特殊字符</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;">Minutes</td> <td style="text-align:left;">是</td> <td style="text-align:left;">0–59</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><code>*</code>,<code>-</code></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:left;">Hours</td> <td style="text-align:left;">是</td> <td style="text-align:left;">0–23</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><code>*</code>,<code>-</code></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:left;">Day of month</td> <td style="text-align:left;">是</td> <td style="text-align:left;">1–31</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><code>*</code>,<code>-</code></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:left;">Month</td> <td style="text-align:left;">是</td> <td style="text-align:left;">1–12 or JAN–DEC</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><code>*</code>,<code>-</code></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:left;">Day of week</td> <td style="text-align:left;">是</td> <td style="text-align:left;">0–6 or SUN–SAT</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><code>*</code>,<code>-</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><code>/etc/crontab</code> 文件示例：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">SHELL</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/bin/bash
<span class="token assign-left variable"><span class="token environment constant">PATH</span></span><span class="token operator">=</span>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
<span class="token assign-left variable">MAILTO</span><span class="token operator">=</span>root
<span class="token comment"># For details see man 4 crontabs</span>
<span class="token comment"># Example of job definition:</span>
<span class="token comment"># .---------------- minute (0 - 59)</span>
<span class="token comment"># | .------------- hour (0 - 23)</span>
<span class="token comment"># | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)</span>
<span class="token comment"># | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...</span>
<span class="token comment"># | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat</span>
<span class="token comment"># | | | | |</span>
<span class="token comment"># * * * * * user-name command to be executed</span>
<span class="token comment"># 每两个小时以root身份执行 /home/hello.sh 脚本</span>
<span class="token number">0</span> */2 * * * root /home/hello.sh
</code></pre></div><h3 id="crontab-实例"><a href="#crontab-实例" class="header-anchor">#</a> crontab 实例</h3> <h4 id="实例-1-每-1-分钟执行一次-mycommand"><a href="#实例-1-每-1-分钟执行一次-mycommand" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 1：每 1 分钟执行一次 myCommand</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>* * * * * myCommand
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-2-每小时的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行"><a href="#实例-2-每小时的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 2：每小时的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">3,15</span> * * * * myCommand
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-3-在上午-8-点到-11-点的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行"><a href="#实例-3-在上午-8-点到-11-点的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 3：在上午 8 点到 11 点的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * * myCommand
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-4-每隔两天的上午-8-点到-11-点的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行"><a href="#实例-4-每隔两天的上午-8-点到-11-点的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 4：每隔两天的上午 8 点到 11 点的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 */2 * * myCommand
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-5-每周一上午-8-点到-11-点的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行"><a href="#实例-5-每周一上午-8-点到-11-点的第-3-和第-15-分钟执行" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 5：每周一上午 8 点到 11 点的第 3 和第 15 分钟执行</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">3,15</span> <span class="token number">8</span>-11 * * <span class="token number">1</span> myCommand
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-6-每晚的-21-30-重启-smb"><a href="#实例-6-每晚的-21-30-重启-smb" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 6：每晚的 21:30 重启 smb</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">30</span> <span class="token number">21</span> * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-7-每月-1、10、22-日的-4-45-重启-smb"><a href="#实例-7-每月-1、10、22-日的-4-45-重启-smb" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 7：每月 1、10、22 日的 4 : 45 重启 smb</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">45</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">1,10</span>,22 * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-8-每周六、周日的-1-10-重启-smb"><a href="#实例-8-每周六、周日的-1-10-重启-smb" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 8：每周六、周日的 1 : 10 重启 smb</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">10</span> <span class="token number">1</span> * * <span class="token number">6,0</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-9-每天-18-00-至-23-00-之间每隔-30-分钟重启-smb"><a href="#实例-9-每天-18-00-至-23-00-之间每隔-30-分钟重启-smb" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 9：每天 18 : 00 至 23 : 00 之间每隔 30 分钟重启 smb</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">0,30</span> <span class="token number">18</span>-23 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-10-每星期六的晚上-11-00-pm-重启-smb"><a href="#实例-10-每星期六的晚上-11-00-pm-重启-smb" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 10：每星期六的晚上 11 : 00 pm 重启 smb</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">23</span> * * <span class="token number">6</span> /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-11-每一小时重启-smb"><a href="#实例-11-每一小时重启-smb" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 11：每一小时重启 smb</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>* */1 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-12-晚上-11-点到早上-7-点之间-每隔一小时重启-smb"><a href="#实例-12-晚上-11-点到早上-7-点之间-每隔一小时重启-smb" class="header-anchor">#</a> 实例 12：晚上 11 点到早上 7 点之间，每隔一小时重启 smb</h4> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token number">23</span>-7 * * * /etc/init.d/smb restart
</code></pre></div><h2 id="参考资料"><a href="#参考资料" class="header-anchor">#</a> 参考资料</h2> <ul><li><strong>文章</strong> <ul><li><a href="https://linuxtools-rst.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/tool/crontab.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">crontab 定时任务<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/z_yong_cool/article/details/79288397" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">linux 定时执行脚本<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><strong>在线工具</strong> <ul><li><a href="https://tool.lu/crontab/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://tool.lu/crontab/<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://cron.qqe2.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://cron.qqe2.com/<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/ops/crontab.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">19 minutes ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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