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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>Linux 典型运维应用</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#网络操作" class="sidebar-link">网络操作</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#无法访问外网域名" class="sidebar-link">无法访问外网域名</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#配置网卡" class="sidebar-link">配置网卡</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#系统维护" class="sidebar-link">系统维护</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#自动化脚本" class="sidebar-link">自动化脚本</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#linux-开机自启动脚本" class="sidebar-link">Linux 开机自启动脚本</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#定时执行脚本" class="sidebar-link">定时执行脚本</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#配置" class="sidebar-link">配置</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#设置-linux-启动模式" class="sidebar-link">设置 Linux 启动模式</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/linux-tutorial/linux/ops/network-ops.html#参考资料" class="sidebar-link">参考资料</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="linux-典型运维应用"><a href="#linux-典型运维应用" class="header-anchor">#</a> Linux 典型运维应用</h1> <blockquote><p>💡 如果没有特殊说明，本文的案例都是针对 Centos 发行版本。</p></blockquote> <h2 id="网络操作"><a href="#网络操作" class="header-anchor">#</a> 网络操作</h2> <h3 id="无法访问外网域名"><a href="#无法访问外网域名" class="header-anchor">#</a> 无法访问外网域名</h3> <p>（1）在 hosts 中添加本机实际 IP 和本机实际域名的映射</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"192.168.0.1 hostname"</span> <span class="token operator">>></span> /etc/hosts
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</code></pre></div><p>如果不知道本机域名，使用 <code>hostname</code> 命令查一下；如果不知道本机实际 IP，使用 <code>ifconfig</code> 查一下。</p> <p>（2）配置信赖的 DNS 服务器</p> <p>执行 <code>vi /etc/resolv.conf</code> ，添加以下内容：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>nameserver <span class="token number">114.114</span>.114.114
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nameserver <span class="token number">8.8</span>.8.8
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</code></pre></div><blockquote><p>114.114.114.114 是国内老牌 DNS</p> <p>8.8.8.8 是 Google DNS</p> <p>👉 参考：<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/32229915" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">公共 DNS 哪家强<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p></blockquote> <p>（3）测试一下能否 ping 通 www.baidu.com</p> <h3 id="配置网卡"><a href="#配置网卡" class="header-anchor">#</a> 配置网卡</h3> <p>使用 root 权限编辑 <code>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777736X</code> 文件</p> <p>参考以下进行配置：</p> <div class="language-properties extra-class"><pre class="language-properties"><code><span class="token attr-name">TYPE</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">Ethernet # 网络类型：Ethernet以太网</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">BOOTPROTO</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">none # 引导协议：自动获取、static静态、none不指定</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">DEFROUTE</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">yes # 启动默认路由</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">no # 不启用IPV4错误检测功能</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV6INIT</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">yes # 启用IPV6协议</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV6_AUTOCONF</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">yes # 自动配置IPV6地址</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV6_DEFROUTE</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">yes # 启用IPV6默认路由</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">no # 不启用IPV6错误检测功能</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV6_PEERDNS</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">yes</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV6_PEERROUTES</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">yes</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPV6_PRIVACY</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">"no"</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">NAME</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">eno16777736 # 网卡设备的别名（需要和文件名同名）</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">UUID</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">90528772-9967-46da-b401-f82b64b4acbc # 网卡设备的UUID唯一标识号</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">DEVICE</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">eno16777736 # 网卡的设备名称</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">ONBOOT</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">yes # 开机自动激活网卡</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">IPADDR</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">192.168.1.199 # 网卡的固定IP地址</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">PREFIX</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">24 # 子网掩码</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">GATEWAY</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">192.168.1.1 # 默认网关IP地址</span>
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<span class="token attr-name">DNS1</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token attr-value">8.8.8.8 # DNS域名解析服务器的IP地址</span>
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</code></pre></div><p>修改完后，执行 <code>systemctl restart network.service</code> 重启网卡服务。</p> <h2 id="系统维护"><a href="#系统维护" class="header-anchor">#</a> 系统维护</h2> <h2 id="自动化脚本"><a href="#自动化脚本" class="header-anchor">#</a> 自动化脚本</h2> <h3 id="linux-开机自启动脚本"><a href="#linux-开机自启动脚本" class="header-anchor">#</a> Linux 开机自启动脚本</h3> <p>（1）在 <code>/etc/rc.local</code> 文件中添加命令</p> <p>如果不想将脚本粘来粘去，或创建链接，可以在 <code>/etc/rc.local</code> 文件中添加启动命令</p> <ol><li>先修改好脚本，使其所有模块都能在任意目录启动时正常执行;</li> <li>再在 <code>/etc/rc.local</code> 的末尾添加一行以绝对路径启动脚本的行;</li></ol> <p>例：</p> <p>执行 <code>vim /etc/rc.local</code> 命令，输入以下内容：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token shebang important">#!/bin/sh</span>
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<span class="token comment">#</span>
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<span class="token comment"># This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.</span>
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<span class="token comment"># You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't</span>
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<span class="token comment"># want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.</span>
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<span class="token function">touch</span> /var/lock/subsys/local
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/opt/pjt_test/test.pl
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</code></pre></div><p>（2）在 <code>/etc/rc.d/init.d</code> 目录下添加自启动脚本</p> <p>Linux 在 <code>/etc/rc.d/init.d</code> 下有很多的文件，每个文件都是可以看到内容的，其实都是一些 shell 脚本或者可执行二进制文件。</p> <p>Linux 开机的时候，会加载运行 <code>/etc/rc.d/init.d</code> 目录下的程序，因此我们可以把想要自动运行的脚本放到这个目录下即可。系统服务的启动就是通过这种方式实现的。</p> <p>（3）运行级别设置</p> <p>简单的说，运行级就是操作系统当前正在运行的功能级别。</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>不同的运行级定义如下:
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<span class="token comment"># 0 - 停机（千万不能把initdefault 设置为0 ）</span>
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<span class="token comment"># 1 - 单用户模式 进入方法#init s = init 1</span>
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<span class="token comment"># 2 - 多用户，没有 NFS</span>
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<span class="token comment"># 3 - 完全多用户模式(标准的运行级)</span>
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<span class="token comment"># 4 - 没有用到</span>
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<span class="token comment"># 5 - X11 多用户图形模式（xwindow)</span>
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<span class="token comment"># 6 - 重新启动 （千万不要把initdefault 设置为6 ）</span>
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</code></pre></div><p>这些级别在 <code>/etc/inittab</code> 文件里指定，这个文件是 init 程序寻找的主要文件，最先运行的服务是放在/etc/rc.d 目录下的文件。</p> <p>在 <code>/etc</code> 目录下面有这么几个目录值得注意：rcS.d rc0.d rc1.d ... rc6.d (0，1... 6 代表启动级别 0 代表停止，1 代表单用户模式，2-5 代表多用户模式，6 代表重启) 它们的作用就相当于 redhat 下的 rc.d ，你可以把脚本放到 rcS.d，然后修改文件名，给它一个启动序号，如: S88mysql</p> <p>不过，最好的办法是放到相应的启动级别下面。具体作法:</p> <p>（1）先把脚本 mysql 放到 /etc/init.d 目录下</p> <p>（2）查看当前系统的启动级别</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code>$ runlevel
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N <span class="token number">3</span>
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</code></pre></div><p>（3）设定启动级别</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token comment"># 98 为启动序号</span>
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<span class="token comment"># 2 是系统的运行级别，可自己调整，注意不要忘了结尾的句点</span>
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$ update-rc.d mysql start <span class="token number">98</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
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</code></pre></div><p>现在我们到 /etc/rc2.d 下，就多了一个 S98mysql 这样的符号链接。</p> <p>（4）重启系统，验证设置是否有效。</p> <p>（5）移除符号链接</p> <p>当你需要移除这个符号连接时，方法有三种：</p> <ol><li><p>直接到 <code>/etc/rc2.d</code> 下删掉相应的链接，当然不是最好的方法；</p></li> <li><p>推荐做法：<code>update-rc.d -f s10 remove</code></p></li> <li><p>如果 update-rc.d 命令你不熟悉，还可以试试看 rcconf 这个命令，也很方便。</p></li></ol> <blockquote><p>👉 参考：</p> <ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/linuxshine/article/details/50717272" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">linux 添加开机自启动脚本示例详解<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/ssooking/p/6094740.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">linux 设置开机自启动<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li></ul></blockquote> <h3 id="定时执行脚本"><a href="#定时执行脚本" class="header-anchor">#</a> 定时执行脚本</h3> <h2 id="配置"><a href="#配置" class="header-anchor">#</a> 配置</h2> <h3 id="设置-linux-启动模式"><a href="#设置-linux-启动模式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 设置 Linux 启动模式</h3> <ol><li>停机(记得不要把 initdefault 配置为 0，因为这样会使 Linux 不能启动)</li> <li>单用户模式，就像 Win9X 下的安全模式</li> <li>多用户，但是没有 NFS</li> <li>完全多用户模式，准则的运行级</li> <li>通常不用，在一些特殊情况下可以用它来做一些事情</li> <li>X11，即进到 X-Window 系统</li> <li>重新启动 (记得不要把 initdefault 配置为 6，因为这样会使 Linux 不断地重新启动)</li></ol> <p>设置方法：</p> <div class="language-shell extra-class"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">sed</span> -i <span class="token string">'s/id:5:initdefault:/id:3:initdefault:/'</span> /etc/inittab
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</code></pre></div><h2 id="参考资料"><a href="#参考资料" class="header-anchor">#</a> 参考资料</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/moxiaoan/p/5683743.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CentOS7 使用 firewalld 打开关闭防火墙与端口<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/z_yong_cool/article/details/79288397" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">linux 定时执行脚本<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></li></ul></div> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/dunwu/linux-tutorial/edit/master/docs/linux/ops/network-ops.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">帮助我们改善此页面！</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">a year ago</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"><!----><!----></div></div>
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