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290 lines
6.1 KiB
Markdown
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---
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title: 05-MySQL数据库的常用命令
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publish: true
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---
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<ArticleTopAd></ArticleTopAd>
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## MySQL 的一些简单命令
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我们可以在 Navicat Premium 软件中,创建数据库和表,然后输入查询命令来查询数据。选择菜单栏「查询->新建查询->输入 sql 命令->运行」即可,效果如下:
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![](https://github.com/qianguyihao/Web/blob/master/img/20200417_1750.png)
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我们还可以直接在终端输入命令行来操作。
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注意,在 Mac 终端执行 sql 命令时,命令的末尾必须加上`;`(英文格式的分号)。效果如下:
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![](https://github.com/qianguyihao/Web/blob/master/img/20200417_1700.png)
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MySQL 命令行的一些简单命令如下。
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**以 root 身份进入命令行**:
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```
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mysql -u root -p
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```
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**查看有哪些数据库**:
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```sql
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show databases;
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```
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**选择进入指定的数据库**:
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```sql
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use xxx_database;
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# 举例
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use qianguyihao_database;
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```
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**在当前数据库中,查看有哪些表**:
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```sql
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show tables;
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```
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**在当前数据库中,查询指定表的全部数据**:
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM xxx_table;
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# 举例
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SELECT * FROM qianguyihao_student_table
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```
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**删除指定的表**:
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```sql
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drop table xxx;
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# 举例
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drop table qianguyihao_student_table;
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```
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**删除指定的数据库**:
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```sql
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drop database qianguyihao_student_table;
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```
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**创建一个数据库**:
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```sql
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create database qianguyihao_database2;
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```
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## where 条件查询
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使用 `where` 子句可以对表中的数据进行筛选,结果为 true 的行会出现在查询结果中。
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语法格式如下:
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM 表名 where 条件;
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```
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上面的语法格式中,`条件` 具体要怎么写呢?这个可能有很多种情况。我们继续往下看。
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### 比较运算符
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- `=` 等于
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- `>` 大于
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- `>=` 大于等于
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- `<` 小于
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- `<=` 小于等于
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- `!=`:不等于
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- `age > 20`:查询 age 大于 30 的数据
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**举例**:
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```sql
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# 查询 age 大于 20 的数据
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SELECT * FROM qianguyihao_table WHERE age > 20;
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```
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### 逻辑运算符
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- AND
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- OR
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- NOT
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**举例**:
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```sql
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# 查询 age 在20至30之间的数据
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SELECT * FROM qianguyihao_table WHERE age BETWEEN 20 AND 30;
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```
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### 范围查询
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- `in` 表示在一个非连续的范围内。
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- `between ... and ...` 表示在一个连续的范围内
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举例:
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```sql
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# 查询 name 为 千古壹号 或者 许嵩的数据
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SELECT * FROM qianguyihao_table WHERE name IN ['千古壹号', '许嵩'];
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SELECT * FROM qianguyihao_table WHERE age BETWEEN 20 AND 30;
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```
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### 模糊查询
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- `like`
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- `%` 表示任意多个任意字符
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- `_` 表示一个任意字符
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`%` 符号举例:
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```sql
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# 查询标题中包含“前端”这两个字的数据(“前端”这两个字的前后可能都有内容)
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select * from qianguyihao_table where `title` like "%前端%";
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# 查询标题以“前端”开头的数据
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select * from qianguyihao_table where `title` like "前端%";
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```
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`_`符号举例:
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```sql
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# 查询标题,查询条件是:标题中至少有五个字符,而且,这五个字符中,前两个字符一定是“千古”开头的。
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SELECT * FROM qianguyihao_table WHERE `title` LIKE "千古___";
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```
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### NULL 的判断
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- `is null` 判断为空
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- `is not null` 判断为非空
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注意,`is null` 和**空字符串**`""` 是有区别的。学过 js 基础之后,你应该知道:空字符串并非 null,只不过是里面的值为空而已;空字符串也是会占有内存空间的。
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举例:
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```sql
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select * from qianguyihao_table where name is not NULL;
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```
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## join 联表查询
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### 联表查询命令
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- `tableA inner join tableB`:表 A 与表 B 匹配的行会出现在结果中。
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- `tableA left join tableB`:表 A 与表 B 匹配的行会出现在结果中。表 A 中独有的数据,对应表 B 中用 null 填充。
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- `tableA right join tableB`:表 A 与表 B 匹配的行会出现在结果中。表 B 中独有的数据,对应表 A 中用 null 填充。
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光是这样看,不好理解,我们来举个例子。
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### 举例
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现在有下面这两张表:作者表 author、图书表 book。
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**表 1**、作者表 author:
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| id | authorId | authorName |
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| :-- | :------- | :--------- |
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| 1 | 11 | 王小波 |
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| 2 | 12 | 吴军 |
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| 3 | 88 | 千古壹号 |
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**表 2**、图书表 book:
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| id | bookId | bookName | authorId |
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| :-- | :----- | :--------- | -------- |
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| 1 | 201 | 黄金时代 | 11 |
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| 2 | 202 | 白银时代 | 11 |
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| 3 | 203 | 青铜时代 | 11 |
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| 4 | 204 | 浪潮之巅 | 12 |
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| 5 | 205 | 硅谷之谜 | 12 |
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| 6 | 206 | 数学之美 | 12 |
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| 7 | 777 | 设计心理学 | 99 |
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注意,表2中的每本图书都有对应的 authorId,这个 authorId 就是对应表1中的 authorId。**通过 authorId 把两张表关联起来**。
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通过联表查询上面的两张表,我们来对比一下查询结果。
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**情况 0**:(inner join)
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM author INNER JOIN book;
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```
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查询结果:
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![](https://github.com/qianguyihao/Web/blob/master/img/20200418_2300.png)
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上面这种查询,没有意义,因为没有加任何查询条件。
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**情况 1**:(inner join)
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM author INNER JOIN book ON author.authorId = book.authorId;
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```
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查询结果:
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![](https://github.com/qianguyihao/Web/blob/master/img/20200418_2305.png)
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上面这行命令,跟下面这行命令等价:
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM author, book WHERE author.authorId = book.authorId;
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```
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**情况 2**:(left join)
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM author LEFT JOIN book ON author.authorId = book.authorId;
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```
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查询结果:
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![](https://github.com/qianguyihao/Web/blob/master/img/20200418_2310.png)
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**情况 3**:(right join)
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM author RIGHT JOIN book ON author.authorId = book.authorId;
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```
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查询结果:
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![](https://github.com/qianguyihao/Web/blob/master/img/20200418_2315.png)
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### 参考链接
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- [Mysql 联表查询](https://blog.csdn.net/qmhball/article/details/8000003)
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## 自关联查询
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涉及到层级关系时可以用自关联查询。
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## 子查询
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当一个查询结果是另一个查询的条件时,这个查询称之为子查询。
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