2021-07-29 11:08:52 +08:00
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---
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title: 03-DOM操作练习:基础练习
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publish: true
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---
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<ArticleTopAd></ArticleTopAd>
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2018-02-01 22:58:37 +08:00
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## DOM操作练习
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### 举例1:点击按钮时,显示和隐藏盒子。
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代码实现:
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head lang="en">
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title></title>
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<style>
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button {
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margin: 10px;
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}
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div {
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width: 200px;
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height: 200px;
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background-color: pink;
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}
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.show {
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display: block;
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}
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.hide {
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display: none;
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<button id="btn">隐藏</button>
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<div>
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2021-10-31 17:13:13 +08:00
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千古壹号
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2018-02-01 22:58:37 +08:00
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</div>
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<script>
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//需求:点击button,隐藏盒子。改变文字,在点击按钮,显示出来。
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//步骤:
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//1.获取事件源和相关元素
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//2.绑定事件
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//3.书写事件驱动程序
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//1.获取事件源和相关元素
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var btn = document.getElementById("btn");
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var div1 = document.getElementsByTagName("div")[0];
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//2.绑定事件
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btn.onclick = function () {
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//3.书写事件驱动程序
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//判断btn的innerHTML属性值,如果为隐藏就隐藏盒子,并修改按钮内容为显示。
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//反之,则显示,并修改按钮内容为隐藏
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if (this.innerHTML === "隐藏") {
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div1.className = "hide";
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//修改按钮上的文字(innerHTML)
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btn.innerHTML = "显示";
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} else {
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div1.className = "show";
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//修改按钮上的文字(innerHTML)
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btn.innerHTML = "隐藏";
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}
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}
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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代码解释:
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当盒子是显示状态时,就设置为隐藏;当盒子是隐藏状态时,就设置为显示。注意这里的逻辑判断。
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另外,这里用到了`innerHTHL`属性,它可以修改按钮上显示的文字。
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代码最终显示的效果如下:
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20180127_1518.gif
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### 举例2:美女相册
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这里推荐一个网站:
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- 占位图片生成的在线网站:<https://placeholder.com/>
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好处是:素材做出来之前,先留出空位,方便以后换图。比如<http://via.placeholder.com/400x300>这个链接可以生成400*300的占位图片。
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需求:
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- (1)点击小图片,改变下面的大图片的src属性值,让其赋值为a链接中的href属性值。
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- (2)让p标签的innnerHTML属性值,变成a标签的title属性值。
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为了实现美女相册,代码如下:
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head lang="en">
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title></title>
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<style type="text/css">
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body {
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font-family: "Helvetica", "Arial", serif;
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color: #333;
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margin: 1em 10%;
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}
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h1 {
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color: #333;
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background-color: transparent;
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}
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a {
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color: #c60;
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background-color: transparent;
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font-weight: bold;
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text-decoration: none;
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}
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ul {
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padding: 0;
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}
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li {
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float: left;
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padding: 1em;
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list-style: none;
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}
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#imagegallery {
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list-style: none;
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}
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#imagegallery li {
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margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px;
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padding: 0px;
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display: inline;
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}
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#imagegallery li a img {
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border: 0;
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h2>
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美女画廊
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</h2>
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<a href="#">注册</a>
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<ul id="imagegallery">
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<li>
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<a href="image/1.jpg" title="美女A">
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<img src="image/1-small.jpg" width="100" alt="美女1"/>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="image/2.jpg" title="美女B">
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<img src="image/2-small.jpg" width="100" alt="美女2"/>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="image/3.jpg" title="美女C">
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<img src="image/3-small.jpg" width="100" alt="美女3"/>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="image/4.jpg" title="美女D">
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<img src="image/4-small.jpg" width="100" alt="美女4"/>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<div style="clear:both"></div>
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<img id="image" src="image/placeholder.png" width="450px"/>
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<p id="des">选择一个图片</p>
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<script>
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//需求:
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//(1)点击小图片,改变下面的大图片的src属性值,让其赋值为a链接中的href属性值。
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//(2)让p标签的innnerHTML属性值,变成a标签的title属性值。
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//1.获取事件源和相关元素
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//利用元素获取其下面的标签。
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var ul = document.getElementById("imagegallery");
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var aArr = ul.getElementsByTagName("a"); //获取ul中的超链接<a>
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// console.log(aArr[0]);
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var img = document.getElementById("image");
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var des = document.getElementById("des");
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//2.绑定事件
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//以前是一个一个绑定,但是现在是一个数组。我们用for循环绑定
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for (var i = 0; i < aArr.length; i++) {
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aArr[i].onclick = function () {
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//3.【核心代码】书写事件驱动程序:修改属性值
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img.src = this.href; //this指的是函数调用者,和i并无关系,所以不会出错。
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// img.src = aArr[i].href; 注意,上面这一行代码不要写成这样
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des.innerHTML = this.title;
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2018-12-09 17:23:30 +08:00
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return false; //return false表示:阻止继续执行下面的代码。
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2018-02-01 22:58:37 +08:00
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}
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}
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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代码解释:
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(1)获取事件源:我们通过`ul.getElementsByTagName("a")`来获取ul里面的a元素。
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(2)绑定事件:因为要绑定一个数组,所以这里用for循环来绑定
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(3)【重要】书写事件驱动程序:这里是用`img.src = this.href`,而不是用`img.src = aArr[i].href`。因为this指的是函数的调用者。如果写成后者,等i变成了4,就会一直是4。显然不能达到效果。
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2018-12-09 17:23:30 +08:00
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(4)代码的最后一行:`return false`表示:阻止继续执行下面的代码。
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2018-02-01 22:58:37 +08:00
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实现的效果如下:
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20180127_1630.gif
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2022-03-14 22:04:26 +08:00
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工程文件:[2018-01-27-美女相册demo.rar](https://github.com/qianguyihao/web-resource/blob/main/project/2018-01-27-%E7%BE%8E%E5%A5%B3%E7%9B%B8%E5%86%8Cdemo.rar)
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2018-02-01 22:58:37 +08:00
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### 举例3:鼠标悬停时,显示二维码大图
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```html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head lang="en">
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title></title>
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<style>
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.code {
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width: 50px;
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height: 50px;
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}
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.code a {
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display: block;
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width: 50px;
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height: 50px;
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background: url(http://img.smyhvae.com/20180127_QRcode_small.png) no-repeat -159px -51px;
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position: relative;
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}
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.code-big {
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position: absolute;
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top: 10px;
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left: 80px;
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}
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.hide {
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display: none;
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}
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.show {
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display: block;
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}
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</style>
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<script>
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window.onload = function () {
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//需求:鼠标放到a链接上,显示二维码(添加show类名,去掉hide类名)
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// 鼠标移开a链接,隐藏二维码(添加hide类名,去掉show类名)
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//1.获取事件源和相关元素
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var a = document.getElementsByTagName("a")[0];
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var div = document.getElementsByClassName("code-big")[0];
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//2.绑定事件
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a.onmouseover = fn1; //鼠标悬停时
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a.onmouseout = fn2; //鼠标离开时
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//定义方法
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function fn1() {
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//3.书写事件驱动程序
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div.className = "code-big show";
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//div.className = div.className.replace("hide", "show");
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}
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function fn2() {
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div.className = "code-big hide";
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//了解,字符串操作,把字符串中的hide替换成show。
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// div.className = div.className.replace("show","hide");
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}
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}
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</script>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="code">
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<a href="#"></a>
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<img src="http://img.smyhvae.com/2016040102.jpg" alt="" class="code-big hide"/>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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实现效果:
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20180127_1800.gif
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## 表单元素的属性
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|
|
表单元素的属性包括:type、value、checked、selected、disabled等。
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
### 举例1:禁用文本框/解禁文本框
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-31 17:13:13 +08:00
|
|
|
|
账号: <input type="text" value="千古壹号..."/><button>禁用</button><button>解禁</button><br><br>
|
2018-02-01 22:58:37 +08:00
|
|
|
|
密码: <input type="password" value="aaabbbccc"/>
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|
|
|
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|
|
<script>
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|
|
|
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|
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|
|
var inp = document.getElementsByTagName("input")[0];
|
|
|
|
|
var btn1 = document.getElementsByTagName("button")[0];
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|
|
|
|
var btn2 = document.getElementsByTagName("button")[1];
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|
|
|
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|
|
btn1.onclick = function () {
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|
|
inp.disabled = "no"; //禁用文本框。属性值里随便写什么字符串都行,但不能为空。
|
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|
|
}
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|
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|
|
btn2.onclick = function () {
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|
|
|
inp.disabled = false; //解禁文本框。让disabled属性消失即可。
|
|
|
|
|
// inp.removeAttribute("disabled");
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|
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|
|
}
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|
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|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
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|
|
当文本框被禁用之后,文本框只读,不能编辑,光标点不进去。
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|
|
上方代码可以看到,**禁用文本框**的代码是:
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
```javascript
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|
|
|
inp.disabled = "no"; //让disabled属性出现,即可禁用
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
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|
|
我们的目的时让`disabled`这个属性出现,即可禁用。所以,属性值里可以写数字,可以写任意一个字符串,但不能写0,不能写false,不能为空。一般我们写no。
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|
|
**解禁文本框**的代码是:
|
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|
|
|
|
```javascript
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|
|
inp.disabled = false; // 方法1:让disabled属性消失,即可解禁。
|
|
|
|
|
inp.removeAttribute("disabled"); //方法2:推荐
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|
|
|
|
|
```
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
我们的目的是删除`disabled`属性,即可解禁。属性值可以是false,可以是0。但我们一般采用方式2进行解禁。
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|
实现效果:
|
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|
|
### 举例2:文本框获取焦点/失去焦点
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|
|
细心的读者会发现,京东和淘宝的搜索框,获取焦点时,提示文字的体验是不同的。
|
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|
|
京东:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20180127_2000.gif
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
淘宝:
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20180127_2005.gif
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
其实,**淘宝的提示文字,是用一个绝对定位的单独的标签来做的**。
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
京东是判断输入框是否获取焦点;淘宝是判断输入框内是否有用户输入的文字。
|
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|
|
我们现在来实现一下。代码如下:
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
|
|
|
<html>
|
|
|
|
|
<head lang="en">
|
|
|
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
|
|
|
<title></title>
|
|
|
|
|
<style>
|
|
|
|
|
input {
|
|
|
|
|
width: 300px;
|
|
|
|
|
height: 36px;
|
|
|
|
|
padding-left: 5px;
|
|
|
|
|
color: #ccc;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
label {
|
|
|
|
|
position: absolute;
|
|
|
|
|
top: 82px;
|
|
|
|
|
left: 56px;
|
|
|
|
|
font-size: 12px;
|
|
|
|
|
color: #ccc;
|
|
|
|
|
cursor: text;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.hide {
|
|
|
|
|
display: none;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.show {
|
|
|
|
|
display: block;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</style>
|
|
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
|
京东: <input id="inp1" type="text" value="微单相机"/><br><br>
|
|
|
|
|
淘宝: <label for="inp2">电动牙刷</label><input id="inp2" type="text"/><br><br>
|
|
|
|
|
placeholder: <input type="text" placeholder="我是placeholder"/>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
|
|
|
//需求:京东的input按钮获取焦点后,立刻删除内容。失去后光标显示文字。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var inp1 = document.getElementById("inp1");
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
inp1.onfocus = function () {
|
|
|
|
|
//判断,如果input里面的内容是“微单相机”,那么把值赋值为“”;
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.value === "微单相机") {
|
|
|
|
|
inp1.value = "";
|
|
|
|
|
inp1.style.color = "#000";
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
//失去焦点事件
|
|
|
|
|
inp1.onblur = function () {
|
|
|
|
|
//判断:如果input内容为空,那么把内容赋值为微单相机。
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.value === "") {
|
|
|
|
|
inp1.value = "微单相机";
|
|
|
|
|
inp1.style.color = "#ccc";
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
//需求:在input中输入文字,label标签隐藏;当里面的文字变成空字符串,label显示。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var inp2 = document.getElementById("inp2");
|
|
|
|
|
var lab = document.getElementsByTagName("label")[0];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
//2.绑定事件(输入文字、和删除文字时,都会触动这个事件)
|
|
|
|
|
inp2.oninput = function () {
|
|
|
|
|
//判断input中的值是否为空,如果为空,那么label显示,否则隐藏。
|
|
|
|
|
if (this.value === "") {
|
|
|
|
|
lab.className = "show";
|
|
|
|
|
} else {
|
|
|
|
|
lab.className = "hide";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
实现效果如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20180127_2010.gif
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如上方所示,我们还可以用placeholder来做,但是IE678并不支持,所以不建议使用。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 举例3:用户注册信息错误时,输入框失去焦点后,高亮显示。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码实现:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
|
|
|
<html>
|
|
|
|
|
<head lang="en">
|
|
|
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
|
|
|
<title></title>
|
|
|
|
|
<style>
|
|
|
|
|
.wrong {
|
|
|
|
|
border: 2px solid red;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
.right {
|
|
|
|
|
border: 2px solid #91B81D;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</style>
|
|
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
账号:<input type="text" onblur="fn(this)"/><br><br>
|
|
|
|
|
密码:<input type="password" onblur="fn(this)"/>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
|
|
|
//需求:失去焦点的时候判断input按钮中的值,如果账号或密码在6-12个字符之间通过,否则报错。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
function fn(aaa){
|
|
|
|
|
//html中的input标签行内调用function的时候,是先通过window调用的function,所以打印this等于打印window
|
|
|
|
|
// console.log(this)
|
|
|
|
|
//只有传递的this才指的是标签本身。
|
|
|
|
|
// console.log(aaa)
|
|
|
|
|
// console.log(this.value)
|
|
|
|
|
if(aaa.value.length < 6 || aaa.value.length>12){
|
|
|
|
|
aaa.className = "wrong";
|
|
|
|
|
}else{
|
|
|
|
|
aaa.className = "right";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码解释:这次我们是在标签内调用function的,此时是先通过window调用的function。所以行内调用的时候要带this。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
实现效果:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20180127_2035.gif
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 举例4:全选和反选
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
对应的代码如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
|
|
|
<html>
|
|
|
|
|
<head lang="en">
|
|
|
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
|
|
|
<title></title>
|
|
|
|
|
<style>
|
|
|
|
|
* {
|
|
|
|
|
padding: 0;
|
|
|
|
|
margin: 0;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.my-table {
|
|
|
|
|
width: 300px;
|
|
|
|
|
margin: 100px auto 0;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
table {
|
|
|
|
|
border-collapse: collapse;
|
|
|
|
|
border-spacing: 0;
|
|
|
|
|
border: 1px solid #c0c0c0;
|
|
|
|
|
width: 300px;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
th,
|
|
|
|
|
td {
|
|
|
|
|
border: 1px solid #d0d0d0;
|
|
|
|
|
color: #404060;
|
|
|
|
|
padding: 10px;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
th {
|
|
|
|
|
background-color: #09c;
|
|
|
|
|
font: bold 16px "微软雅黑";
|
|
|
|
|
color: #fff;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
td {
|
|
|
|
|
font: 14px "微软雅黑";
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tbody tr {
|
|
|
|
|
background-color: #f0f0f0;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tbody tr:hover {
|
|
|
|
|
cursor: pointer;
|
|
|
|
|
background-color: #fafafa;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</style>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
window.onload = function () {
|
|
|
|
|
//需求1:点击上面的的input,下面全选或者反选。
|
|
|
|
|
//思路:获取了上面的input按钮,只需要判断,checked属性是true还是false,如果是true,下面的全部变成true;false同理。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var topInp = document.getElementById("title");
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var tbody = document.getElementById("content");
|
|
|
|
|
var botInpArr = tbody.getElementsByTagName("input");
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
//绑定事件
|
|
|
|
|
topInp.onclick = function () {
|
|
|
|
|
//费劲版
|
|
|
|
|
// for(var i=0;i<botInpArr.length;i++){
|
|
|
|
|
// if(topInp.checked === true){
|
|
|
|
|
// botInpArr[i].checked = true;
|
|
|
|
|
// }else{
|
|
|
|
|
// botInpArr[i].checked = false;
|
|
|
|
|
// }
|
|
|
|
|
// }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
//优化版(被点击的input按钮的checked属性值,应该直接作为下面的所有的input按钮的checked属性值)
|
|
|
|
|
for(var i=0;i<botInpArr.length;i++){
|
|
|
|
|
botInpArr[i].checked = this.checked;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
//需求2:点击下面的的input,如果下面的全部选定了,上面的全选,否则相反。
|
|
|
|
|
//思路:为下面的每一个input绑定事件,每点击一次都判断所有的按钮
|
|
|
|
|
// checked属性值是否全部都是true,如果有一个是false,
|
|
|
|
|
// 那么上面的input的checked属性也是false;都是true,topInp的checked就是true;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
for(var i=0;i<botInpArr.length;i++){
|
|
|
|
|
botInpArr[i].onclick = function () { //每一个input都要绑定事件
|
|
|
|
|
//开闭原则(用开关来控制)
|
|
|
|
|
var bool = true;
|
|
|
|
|
//检测每一个input的checked属性值。
|
|
|
|
|
for(var j=0;j<botInpArr.length;j++){
|
|
|
|
|
if(botInpArr[j].checked === false){
|
|
|
|
|
bool = false;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
topInp.checked = bool;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="my-table">
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
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|
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|
|
<th>
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|
|
<input type="checkbox" id="title" />
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|
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|
|
</th>
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|
|
|
|
<th>菜名</th>
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|
|
|
|
<th>饭店</th>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
|
|
<tbody id="content">
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<input type="checkbox" />
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>菜品1</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>木屋烧烤</td>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<input type="checkbox" />
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>菜品2</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>蒸菜馆</td>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<input type="checkbox" />
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>菜品3</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>海底捞火锅</td>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
|
<input type="checkbox" />
|
|
|
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>菜品4</td>
|
|
|
|
|
<td>面点王</td>
|
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
注意代码中的注释,需求2是比较难的地方,这里用到了两次for循环。第一次for循环是因为,要给每个input都要进行绑定事件。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
实现的效果如下:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20180127_2320.gif
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|